Table 1.
Experimental therapeutic effects of Artemisia capillaris.
| Disease | Extract | Doses/Concentrations | Time Period | Results/Mechanism | Active Compounds | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B | 90% ethanol | 76.1 μg/mL | NR | inhibition of HBeAg secretion and HBV DNA replication in HepG cells | chlorogenic acid | [14] |
| Cirrhosis | water | 10 mg/kg | NR | alleviation of hepatic fibrosis in a DMN-induced mouse model | β-sitosterol | [18] |
| water | 25 or 50 mg/kg | 2 weeks | suppression of fibrogenic factors, including hepatic α-SMA, PDGF, and TGF-β | NR | [19] | |
| water | 7.5 g/kg | 7 days | lowering of AST and ALT in a rat model of AAPH liver damage | NR | [16] | |
| water | 50 or 100 mg/kg | 10 days | amelioration of AST, ALT, and MDA in an alcohol-pyrazole-fed rat model; an increase in antioxidant activity due to GSH-Px, GSH-Rd, catalase, and SOD | NR | [20] | |
| water | 25 or 50 mg/kg | 6 weeks | unchanged ALT, AST, and ALP in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis | NR | [21] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 70% ethanol | 100 and 250 μg/mL | NR | inhibition of IL-6 mediated STAT3 pathway in Huh7 and HepG2 human hepatoma cells | NR | [24] |
| water | 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg | NR | Inhibition of NF-kappaB translocation, inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-alpha in HepG2 cells | NR | [25] | |
| water | 25–200 µg/mL | NR | cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in SMMC-7721 cells | NR | [26] | |
| 70% ethanol | 50 and 100 μg/ml | NR | Induction of apoptosis of HCC cells by blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway | NR | [27] | |
| 70% ethanol | 100 μg/mL | 15 days | induction of apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 cell; suppression of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft | NR | [28] | |
| Metabolic syndrome and diabetes | methanol | 0.4% and 0.8% extract | 7 weeks | lowering of TG, TC, and LDL-c levels in high-fat diet-fed rats; a decrease in fatty acid synthase expression via miR-122 | NR | [31,32] |
| 30% ethanol | 100 μg/mL | NR | inhibition of activation of JNK and PUMA in NASH | NR | [34] | |
| methanol | IC50 values: 270.5 μM (α-glucosidase); 7.85 μM (RLAR); 139.75 μM (PLAR) | NR | inhibition of α-glucosidase, PTP1B, and RLAR. | vicenin 2 | [35] | |
| Dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin carcinogenesis | 70% ethanol | 10 mg | 4 weeks | reduction in atopic dermatitis scores, histamine, and IgE in Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized Nc/Nga mice (topical). | chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and scoparone | [38] |
| 70% ethanol | 250 mg/kg | 5 days | lowering of ICAM-1 and modified PASI scores in a mouse model of induced psoriasis-like disease (topical) | chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, and scoparone | [40] | |
| methanol | 50 g sample in 500 mL of MeOH | 7 days | reduction in the tumor number and incidence in a mouse mode of DMBA-induced epidermal carcinogenesis | camphor, 1-borneol, coumarin, and achillin | [41] | |
| Enterovirus 71 and H. pylori l | water | 10 μg/mL | NR | effect against EV71 infection due to inhibition of viral internalization | chlorogenic acid | [42] |
| water | 0.2–2.8 mg/mL | NR | inhibition of H. pylori adhesion to erythrocytes | acidic polysaccharide | [43] | |
| water | 200 or 400 mg/kg | NR | inhibition of lipid peroxide formation due to SOD activation, a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β mediated by NF-κB downregulation | NR | [44] | |
| ethanol | 30 or 100 mg/kg | 1 h prior | attenuation of ethanol-induced proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and interferon-γ and ICAM-1 | NR | [45] |
α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; AAPH, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; ALT, alanine transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; GSH-Rd, glutathione reductase; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NR, not reported; PASI, psoriasis area and severity index; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PTP1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; PUMA, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis; RLAR, rat lens aldose reductase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha.