Table 3.

Cardioprotective, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects of apigenin following different toxic stimuli and during dysmetabolic-induced organ dysfunction.

Organ	Effects of Apigenin through Antioxidant Action	Effects of Apigenin during Dysmetabolic-Dependent Organ Alteration
	-Protection against ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in vitro and in vivo models [86,87,88,89]	-Protection against high glucose-dependent endothelial dysfunction in vitro [100]
	-Improvement of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo [90]	-Amelioration of lipid profile and LDL oxidation in hyperlipidaemic rats [101] -Protection against diabetes-mellitus-induced cardiac alteration in vivo [102,103]
HEART	-Protection against DOX-dependent cardiotoxicity [91,93,94,95]	-Protection against hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy and abnormal myocardial glucolipid metabolism in vivo [105,106]
	-Improvement of vascular endothelial and cardiac function in vivo during aging or following I/R insult [96,97]	-Improvement of cardiac functions, cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of diabetic cardiomyopathy [107]
	-Protection against I/R-induced damage in H9c2 cells [98]	-Improvement of glucose intolerance in miRNA103-overexpressing transgenic mice and glucose/lipid homeostasis [108,109,110,111]
	-Neuroprotection against kainic-acid-induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress in vivo [113]
BRAIN	-Improvement of brain damage and neurological deficiencies following ischemic stroke, I/R damage or subarachnoid haemorrhage [116,118,119]	-Protective hippocampal action in rats fed high fat, fructose diet [120]
KIDNEY	-Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity or DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo [123,124,125] -Beneficial preconditioning effect against renal I/R injury [126] -Protection against renal pathological changes in mesoporous silica-nanoparticles-treated mice [127] -Reduction of NiONPs-induced kidney damage and carbon-nanotubes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rat models [29]	-Protection against diabetic nephropathy in a rat model [132] -Improvement of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular cell damage in Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa) rats [135]

ISO = isoproterenol, DOX = doxorubicin, LDL = low density lipoproteins, I/R = ischaemia/reperfusion, NiONPs = nickel oxide nanoparticles.