Table 4.
Distribution of hard ticks Borrelia LG vectors, reservoirs and Borrelia species worldwide.
| Geographical Area | Hard Ticks | Reservoirs | Borrelia Species | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| America | ||||
| Canada | Ixodes scapularis [100], Ixodes cookie [98], Ixodes spinipalpis [101], Ixodes angustus, Ixodes auritulus [102] and Ixodes scapularis | Peromyscus leucopus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus [103], Geothlypis trichas | B. burgdorferi, B. bissettii (Lewis), B. andersoni, B. lanei | |
| USA | Atlantic Coast | Ixodes scapularis [104] | Peromyscus leucopus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus | B. burgdorferi s.s., B. bissettii, B. carolinensis, B. kurtenbachii, B. mayoni |
| Northwest | Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes spinipalpis [105] | Sciurus criseus [106], Sciurus carolinensis | B. burgdorferi, B. carolinensis, B. lanei | |
| West Coast | Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes spinipalpis, Ixodes angustus [107] | Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus boylii, Neotoma fuscipes, Melospiza melodia | B. burgdorferi, B. carolinensis, B. lanei | |
| Mexico | Ixodes kingi, Ixodes hearley [108], Ixodes scapularis [109] | Microtus mexicanus, Neotoma mexicana, Neotomodon alstonio, Peromyscus leucopus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Geothlypis trichas | B. burgdorferi s.s., B. lanei | |
| Brazil | Ixodes longiscutatus [110], Ixodes paranaensis [111] | Rodents, Streptoprocne biscutata | Borrelia sp. Aplotipo Pampa, Candidatus B. ibitipoquensis | |
| Argentina | Ixodes pararicinus, Ixodes affinis [112] | Turdus Birds | B. burgdorferi s.l. | |
| Uruguay | Ixodes aragaoi [113], Ixodes auritulus [114] | Rodents, Passerine Birds | B. burgdorferi s.l., B. bissettii, B. americana | |
| Chile | Ixodes stilesi [115] | Southern pudu deer | B. chilensis | |
| Europe | ||||
| Western Europe | Ixodes ricinus [116] | Apodemus flavicollis, Turdus merula, Phasianus colchicus | B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi s.s., B. garinii, B. lusitasnisae | |
| Northern and Eastern Europe | Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus [117] | Myodes glareolus | B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. bavariensis | |
| Feroe Island | Ixodes uriae (Borrelia garinii?) [118] | Fratercula arctica | B. garinii, B. uriae | |
| Russia Middle East | Ixodes persulcatus [119], Ixodes pavlovskyi [120], Ixodes tanuki, Ixodes turdus | Myodes glareolus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Tamias sibericus | B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. bavariensis, B. tanuki, B. turdae | |
| Asia | ||||
| China | Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes granulatus [121,122] | Apodemus speciosus, Niviventer confucianus, Turdus merula | B. garinii, B. sinica, B. valaisiana | |
| Japan | Ixodes persulcatus [123], Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes tanuki, Ixodes turdus [124], Ixodes columnae [125] | Apodemus speciosus, Apodemus ainu | B. garinii, B. tanuki, B. turdae, B. japonica | |
| Korea | Ixodes nipponensis [126,127], Ixodes persulcatus [128] | Wild Rodents, Apodemus agrarius, Migratory Birds | B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. valaisiana | |
| India | Ixodes acutitarsus, Ixodes kashmericus, and Ixodes ovatus [129]. | Rodents (Squirrels, Chipmunks) | B. burgdorferi s.l. | |
| Malaysia | Ixodes granulatus [130]. | B. sinica, B. valaisiana, B. yangtzensis | ||
| Africa | ||||
| North Africa (Tunisia Morocco) | Ixodes ricinus [131], Ixodes frontalis [132] | Turdus merula | B. lusitaniae [131], B. burgdorferi s.l. | |
| South Africa | Unknown: Ixodes rubicundus, Ixodes fynbosensis? [133] | LB in horses (?) [134] | B. burgdorferi s.l. | |
| Australia | ||||
| Unknown: Ixodes olocyclus | Currently undocumented [135] | |||