Table 3.
Combination therapies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
| Type of combination | Drugs | Condition | NCT code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors | Ipilimumab + nivolumab | In advanced CSCC prior to surgery | NCT04620200 |
| Ipilimumab + nivolumab + tacrolimus | Metastatic CSCC in treating kidney recipients | NCT03816332 | |
| Combination with co-stimulatory molecules | SL-279252 (binds to PD-L1 and OX-40) | Advanced CSCC | NCT03894618 |
| Combination with chemotherapy | Currently not clinically trialed in CSCC | ||
| Combination with radiotherapy | Pembrolizumab + radiotherapy (IMRT 60–66 Gy) | High risk CSCC of the head and neck | NCT03057613 |
| Pembrolizumab + quad-shot radiotherapy | Stage III and IV CSCC of the head and neck | NCT04454489 | |
| Avelumab + radical radiotherapy | Unresectable CSCC | NCT03737721 | |
| Combination with targeted therapies | Pembrolizumab + cetuximab | Recurrent/metastatic CSCC | NCT03082534 |
| Pembrolizumab + cetuximab | Advanced/metastatic CSCC | NCT03666325 | |
| Avelumab + cetuximab | Advanced/metastatic CSCC | NCT03944941 | |
| Pembrolizumab/cemiplimab + ASP-1929 (EGFR antibody-dye conjugate) | Locally advanced or metastatic CSCC | NCT04305795 | |
| Atezolizumab + cobimetinib | Metastatic CSCC | NCT03108131 | |
| Combination with oncolytic viruses | Nivolumab + talimogene laherparepvec | Advanced or refractory CSCC | NCT02978625 |
| Cemiplimab + RP1 | Locally advanced or metastatic CSCC | NCT04050436 | |
| Nivolumab + RP1 | Locally advanced or metastatic CSCC | NCT03767348 | |
| Pembrolizumab + ONCR-177 | Advanced and/or refractory CSCC | NCT04348916 | |
| Combination with cancer vaccines | Nivolumab or pembrolizumab + CIMAVax vaccine | Stage III and IV CSCC of the head and neck | NCT02955290 |
| Pembrolizumab + Ad/MG1-MAGEA3 | Previously treated CSCC | NCT03773744 | |
| Other combinations | Pembrolizumab + abexinostat (HDAC inhibitor) | Stage III and IV CSCC of the head and neck | NCT03590054 |
| Pembrolizumab or cemiplimab + cavrotolimod (TLR agonist) | Advanced/metastatic CSCC | NCT03684785 | |
| Pembrolizumab + IFX-1 (C5a antibody) | Locally advanced or metastatic CSCC | NCT04812535 | |