Table A3.

Thrombophilia: venous thrombosis, embolism.

HCys causes a decrease in the thromboresistance of the endothelial surface by promoting coagulation and inhibiting anticoagulatory and fibrinolytic mechanisms [61].

Meta-analyses of clinical studies—[175,176]: An increase in HCys of 5 μM increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis by 60% (case-control studies) or 27% (prospective studies). Patients with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism have significantly reduced plasma folic acid and/or vitamin B12 levels. Intervention studies so far unsatisfactory. The combination of HHCys and factor V (Leiden) is multiplicative [177].