Table 6.

Molecular profiling studies revealing p53 pathway alterations in pNETs.

Technique	Reference	Key Findings
Sequencing and mutational analysis	[11]	Inactivating TP53 mutations found in 4 of 7 pNECs, however, in none of 11 well-differentiated pNETs.
	[24]	TP53 gene mutations identified in 3% of 68 pNETs.
PCR and IHC	[157]	Amplification of the MDM2 gene in 22% (38 of 169), MDM4 in 30% (45 of 150), and WIP1 in 76% (34 of 45) well differential pNETs, which correlated with corresponding changes in mRNA and protein expression.
IHC	[11]	11 well differentiated pNETs exhibited normal p53 labeling, however, abnormal labeling observed in 9 (100%) small cell pNECs and 9 of 10 (90%) large cell pNECs.