Table 1.

Various blood cancers with Ras-Raf mutations.

Blood Cancer	Ras-Raf Pathology	General Treatment Protocol	5-Year Survival	References
Myelodysplastic Syndromes	NRas, KRas mutation in 7–48% of patients.	Use of erythropoietin stimulating agents to mitigate symptoms. Allogeneic stem cell transplant for higher risk patients.	29%	[163,164,165,166,167]
Acute Myeloid Leukemia	NRas, KRas mutations in 10–27% of de novo patients.	Induction via cytarabine and the addition of an anthracycline for patients followed by consolidation.	24%	[167,168,169,170]
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	NRas, KRas mutations in 5–22% of patients. BRaf mutations have been found in infants and children with acute B and T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Small sample found ~21% of ALL patients with BRaf mutations.	Induction using vincristine, corticosteroids, L asparaginase, and an anthracycline for patients followed by consolidation.	Between 30 and 45%	[171,172,173,174]
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia	NRas, KRas mutations in 30–50% with CMML. Subset of patients with CMML-1 presented BRaf mutations (~7%).	Lack of consensus about a treatment that markedly expands overall survival rate. Hypomethylating agents have shown some promise and are approved by the FDA for CMML. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation regarded as only curative treatment.	18.5%	[175,176,177,178,179]
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia	NRas mutations in up to 1/3 of atypical CML. Chronic CML patients present up to 17% of Ras mutations, up to 58% of acute CML patients have Ras mutations.	Standard treatment involves the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in sequence.	61%	[166,169,180,181]