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View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Oct 12;13(20):5096. doi: 10.3390/cancers13205096

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of AFP on the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. AFP shows multi-effects on HCC, including cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, tumor immunology, stem cell properties, angiogenesis and so on. Overexpression of AFP promotes the invasion and metastasis of HCC via the immuno-suppression and the improvement of stem cell properties as well as angiogenesis. Interestingly, AFP has complicated controversial effects in cell proliferation and apoptosis according to the concentration of AFP and the status of AFP that is circulating or cytoplasmic.