FIG 3.

Addition of epigenetic and/or metabolic modulators to vaccines as a new approach to increase efficacy. While the combination of an antigen and an adjuvant has been proven useful to develop the current generation of vaccines, pharmacological modulation of the metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the adaptive and innate immune cells after vaccination can potentiate, fine-tune, and improve responses to vaccines; such modulation can also use these potential mechanisms in the design and development of new vaccines and vaccination strategies.