Table 2.
Food applications of edible films incorporated with NAMAs.
| Food Product | NAMAs | Film Matrix | Preparation Method | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruits and Vegetables | |||||
| Tomatoes and amla | Essential oil of turmeric/ginger/clove | Chitosan-based films | Heating & drying | Coated tomatoes and amla remained fresh for a longer time as compared to non coated samples | [85] |
| Figs | Cinnamon essential oil | Chitosan | Spread | The color change was delayed and Alternaria alternata growth was inhibited |
[86] |
| Mangoes | Aloe vera | Chitosan-aloe vera films | Dipping | Suppress microbial decay (effective against Colletotrichumgloeospo-rides) of mango extend the storage life of mango fruit. | [87] |
| Dates | Pomegranate peel extract Citrus essential oils |
Chitosan nanoparticles Chitosan and locust Bean Gum |
Spreading Coating |
Antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium moniliforme. Significantly reduced conidial germination and completely inhibited Aspergillus flavus growth in dates |
[88,89] |
| Apple and strawberry Cold stored fresh-cut apples |
Olive oil Stevia rebaudiana |
Chitosan Chitosan |
Spreading Spreading |
Protected against microbial decay Exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against mesophilic and psychrophilic aerobic bacteria |
[90,91] |
| Strawberries and raspberries | Green tea extract | Alginate-oleic acid | Spreading | Antiviral activity | [92] |
| Fresh-cut melons | Coarse and nano emulsions of citral | Chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polysaccharides | Nanoemulsified coatings | Superior antimicrobial protection (up to a 5-log reduction) and significantly extended the product’s storability (up to 13 days). | [93] |
| Capsicum | Pomegranate peel extract | Alginate based coatings | Blending | Maintain the chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, firmness and color while inhibiting the growth of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichumgloeosporioides at 10 °C storage | [94] |
| Organic baby spinach | Carvacrol or cinnamaldehyde | Hibiscus, carrot and apple-based films. | Blending and casting | Exhibited antimicrobial activity without affecting sensory characteristics of baby spinach | [95] |
| Meat & Meat Products | |||||
| Meat | Essential oil of Turmeric/Ginger/clove | Chitosan based films | Heating & drying | The meat remained fresh for seven days without any change in color, texture, odor and form. | [85] |
| Beef | Lactobacillus sakei | whey protein films |
Spreading | Exhibited inhibitory action against E. coli or L. monocytogenes. | [96] |
| Chicken | Cinnamon essential oil and silver-copper |
Linear low-density polyethylene |
Wrapping | Showed enhanced antimicrobial activity and shelf-life was also increased | [97,98,99,100] |
| Fresh chicken breast Fresh Chicken Breast Fillets Chicken breast fillets |
Oriental mustard extract (allyl isothiocyanate) Nisin and oregano oil Nisin |
ĸ-Carrageenan and chitosan Guar gum (GG) and isolated soy protein Chitosan |
Dipping Coating Coating |
Effectively inhibited growth of Campylobacter jejuni and shelf-life was extended Delayed the growth of Pseudomonas and Salmonella, increasing the product shelf life (9 days) compared to the control samples (6 days) Reducing the growth of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Abalone | Bamboo leaf extract | Alginate | Spreading | Enhanced microbial safety | [101] |
| Dairy Products | |||||
| Sweet meat or Doda Burfi | Nisin and Natamycin | Corn starch | Spreading | Superior efficacy against Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger | [102] |
| Gouda cheese | Lysozyme | Whey protein concentrate film | Casting method | Inhibit microorganisms (Lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcus, Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus, and yeast/mold) both at the surface and inside the region of gouda cheese during ripening. | [103,104,105,106,107,108] |
| Paneer (Cottage cheese) | Cinnamon essential oil | Sodium alginate crosslinked with calcium | Spreading | Increased the shelf-life of paneer samples to 13 days from 5-6 days and showed antimicrobial activity | |
| Low-fat cheese | Oregano essential oil | Nanoemulsion containing essential oil and mandarin fiber | Coating | Exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and extended the shelf life of low-fat cut cheese. | |
| Cheese | Essential oils of Laurus nobilis and Rosmarinus officinalis | Zein nanofibers | Coating | excellent antibacterial property against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes even after 28 days of storage | |
| Kashar Cheese | Ginger essential oil | Sorbitol, whey protein isolate, alginate | Coating | Exhibited antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus | |
| Fresh Kashar cheese | Lysozyme | Zein-Carnauba wax | Coating | Significantly reduced bacterial (Listeria monocytogenes) count | |