Effects of cycloastragenol against the Aβ-induced activated MAP kinases, and the inflammatory cytokines. (a) Western blot results of p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, GFAP, Iba-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of experimental mice’s brains, with respective bar graphs. (b,c) Immunofluorescence analysis of p-JNK and p-p38 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of experimental mice, scale bar is 50 µm. In panel-1 b,c, green is Aβ, red is p-P38 and blue is DAPI. The p-value < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. * showing a significantly different from the control group; # significantly different from the Aβ-injected group. Significant difference = * p < 0.05; # p < 0.05. CAG20: Cycloastragenol 20 mg/kg, DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, Aβ: Amyloid beta, CAG: Cycloastragenol, ns: non-significant difference.