Phylogeny of the 28 examined Drosophila species showing the ancestral state reconstruction of sperm cyst looping (A; blue = complete cyst looping, green = partial cyst looping, pink = cyst looping absent) and DIC stereomicrographs showing representative images of sperm cysts (B,C) and female seminal receptacles (SRs; (D,E)). (B,D) D. equinoxialis (in the willistoni species group), which exhibits complete cyst looping. (C,E) D. saltans, which exhibits partial cyst looping. Arrows in C bracket the looped portion of the cyst. Arrows in D,E indicate the highly integrated loops of the distal portion of the SR (also see Figure 4). Scale bars = 100 µm.