Table 2.
Antiviral activity mechanism of individual polyphenols mostly found in plants.
| Polyphenol | Virus Type | Activity Mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| quercetin | SARS-CoV-2 | interaction with Spike occurs between amino acid Thr 445, Ile 446; as for main protease it binds to Thr 26 superior main protease docking result compared to spike docking, better inhibitory effect on replication cycle of the virus rather than penetration/adsorption cycle |
[16] |
| resveratrol | Epstein–Barr virus | decreasing levels of reactive oxygen species, blocking protein synthesis and inhibiting virus-induced activation of transcription factors, which affects replication of the individual virus | [42] |
| rotavirus | inhibition of the replication in the Caco-2 cell line | [52] | |
| vesicular stomatitis virus | suppression of the spread of the virus by interaction with the active sites of caspase-3 and -7 | [99] | |
| curcumin | SARS-CoV-2 | entry into host cells is also blocked by blocking the enzyme ACE2; curcumin has a high affinity for ACE2 ligands | [60] |
| influenza virus | reduction of viral NA activity and blocking HA activity | [69] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | inhibition due to interaction with Mpro receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which occurs by binding with amino acid Thr26, His41, Gln189 | [100] | |
| EGCG | HCV | suppressing by blocking virus entry via viral envelope proteins and inhibiting cell-to-cell transmission | [25] |
| HBV | inhibition of DNA synthesis during virus replication | [29] | |
| the duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) | reduction of the viral infection in BHK-21 cells, expressions of the viral E protein and virus titers. EGCG affects the adsorption step of the infection and replication stage of the virus in BHK-21 cells | [106] | |
| chlorogenic acid | infectious bursal disease virus | inhibiting histamine production, NF-kB activation, which affects the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-1b | [105] |
| HBV | inhibiting DNA of the virus by binding to HepG2.2.15 and HepG2.A64 | [107] | |
| catechin | influenza A virus | binding to functional sites PHE47A and LEU43A, which inhibits M2 viral mRNA synthesis as well as M2 protein expression | [103] |
| dengue virus | interaction with NS5 protein, by binding to amino acids Asn609, Asp663, His798 | [104] | |
| gallic acid | influenza A virus | inhibition of replication of the virus, by binding to Arg152 of neuraminidase protein | [101] |
| paramyxoviruses | affects replication cycle of the virus by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase enzyme | [102] |