Table 3.
Methods of polyphenol isolation and determination.
| Material | Pretreatment | Polyphenol Isolation | Time | Polyphenol Determination | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| soursop leaves | - | water and ethanol/water (70:30 v/v) extraction | 10–20 min | HPLC | [112] |
| olive waste | - | ultrasound-assisted enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis | - | 1H NMR and 13C NMR | [118] |
| Heliotropium taltalense | methanol extraction in an ultrasonic bath | 1 h | UPLC | [119] | |
| maritime pine | removing lipophilic compunds with a petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (50:50 v/v) mixture | ethanol/water (85:15 v/v) extraction | 2 h | LC-MS and NMR | [108] |
| Cuspidaria convoluta | - | methanol maceration | 24 h | UV-VIS and HPLC-MS/MS | [114] |
| Gaultheria phillyreifolia and G. poeppigii berries | - | methanol/formic acid (99:1 v/v) extraction | - | HPLC | [120] |
| green tea | - | ethanol/water (70:10, v/v) extraction in ultrasonic cleaner | 1 h | HPLC and LC-MS | [121] |
| Aronia melanocarpa | defatting with n-hexane and with dichloromethane | methanol/acetic acid (19:1, v/v) extraction with stirring | 8 h | HPLC | [110] |
| Saharan myrtle tea | - | methanol/water (80:20, v/v) extraction | 3 ∙ 24 h | UPLC | [113] |
| Syzygium alternifolium | removing lipophilic compunds with a dichloromethane | methanol/water (80:20, v/v) or acetone/water (80:20 v/v) extraction with sonification | 15 min | UV-VIS | [109] |
| pomegranate peels | removing of extractable polyphenols using ethyl acetate | non-extractable polyphenols obtained via acid hydrolysis (6M HCl) | 2 h | TLC, CC, NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS | [111] |
| grape processing lees | - | supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with 90% of supercritical carbon dioxide and 10% (w/w) of ethanol | 10 min | TLC and HPLC | [116] |
| Myrtus communis L. leaves | - | extraction with aqueous ethanol with assistance of microwaves | 30–90 s | Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method | [122] |
| goldenberry | - | ethanol/water solution (70:30, v/v) pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) | 10–60 min | HPLC-DAD | [123] |
| grape pomace | - | pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) | 5 or 30 min | MALDI-TOF-MS | [124] |
| Phyllanthus Emblica | - | soxlet extraction with ethanol/water (7:3, v/v) | 30 min | Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method | [125] |
TLC—Thin Layer Chromatography, UPLC—Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, UV-VIS—Ultraviolet–Visible Absorption, LC-MS—Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry, HPLC—High Performance Liquid Chromatography NMR—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, MALDI-TOF-MS—Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization—Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, HPLC-DAD—High-Performance Liquid Chromatography—Diode-Array Detection.