Specific recognition of the S1 domain, the nucleocapsid, and the receptor-binding domain by serum samples from patients with confirmed COVID-2019. (A) Expi293 cells were transfected with constructs pcDNA3.1/S1 and pcDNA3.1/N, and 24 h post-transfection, the expression of culture samples was evaluated by an immunofluorescence assay after treatment with human serum samples from patients with COVID-19, and those from pre-pandemic serum samples were evaluated as well. (B) The three recombinant proteins were also assessed using Western blotting. Culture samples were harvested at 24 h post-transfection and then analyzed with human serum samples from patients with confirmed COVID-19, as well as those from pre-pandemic serum. Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, eluted proteins.