Figure 3.

Effects of loganin on antioxidant enzymatic activities and proinflammatory factor release in the serum of PDN rats. The enzymatic activities of (A) SOD, (B) CAT and (C) reduced GSH, and the serum levels of (D) TNF-α and (E) IL-1β were measured by ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 8). * p < 0.05 vs. CTL group, ** p < 0.01 vs. CTL group; ^# p < 0.05 vs. PDN group, ^## p < 0.01 vs. PDN group. CTL: control, PDN: painful diabetic neuropathy, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: glutathione, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β: interleukin-1β.