Profiling fecal serine protease activity. (a) Fecal trypsin-like activity detected in each group (PBS = 2.25 ± 0.12 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-WT = 2.28 ± 0.14 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 3.5 ± 0.2 U/mg, DSS = 6.01 ± 0.3 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-WT = 5.48 ± 0.15 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 7.04 ± 0.2 U/mg). (b) Fecal elastase-like activity measurement (PBS = 2.01 ± 0.08 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-WT = 2.06 ± 0.07 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 2.79 ± 0.2 U/mg, DSS = 4.26 ± 0.13 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-WT = 3.62 ± 0.2 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 4.81 ± 0.17 U/mg). (c) Fecal PR3-like activity measurement (PBS = 1.7 ± 0.09 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-WT = 1.71 ± 0.14 U/mg, PBS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 2.05 ± 0.1 U/mg, DSS = 2.81 ± 0.1 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-WT = 2.66 ± 0.15 U/mg, DSS-L. lactis-SP-1 = 3.03 ± 0.2 U/mg). The error bars represent the SEM. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal–Wallis followed by the multi comparison test of Dunn. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.