Table 1.
Metabolite differences between ischemic stroke patients and control patients in the female population.
| Biochemical | Super Pathway | Sub Pathway | Control | Ischemic | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine | Amino Acid | Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism | 1.29 ± 0.3 | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 0.043 |
| Indoleacetate | Amino Acid | Tryptophan Metabolism | 1.62 ± 1 | 0.82 ± 0.39 | 0.039 |
| Isovalerate (C5) | Amino Acid | Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine Metabolism | 2.11 ± 1.57 | 0.72 ± 0.28 | 0.03 |
| 3-sulfo-L-alanine | Amino Acid | Methionine, Cysteine, SAM and Taurine Metabolism | 1.23 ± 0.48 | 0.78 ± 0.31 | 0.03 |
| Retinol (Vitamin A) | Cofactors and Vitamins | Vitamin A Metabolism | 1.37 ± 0.55 | 0.88 ± 0.29 | 0.037 |
| Arachidate (20:0) | Lipid | Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acid | 1.25 ± 0.26 | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 0.041 |
| Palmitoloelycholine | Lipid | Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Choline) | 2.33 ± 2.23 | 0.54 ± 0.49 | 0.044 |
| Dihomo-linolenoyl-choline | Lipid | Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Choline) | 4.06 ± 4.39 | 0.74 ± 0.77 | 0.04 |
| Dtearoyl ethanolamide | Lipid | Endocannabinoid | 0.88 ± 0.35 | 1.21 ± 0.3 | 0.045 |
| N-oleoyltaurine | Lipid | Endocannabinoid | 0.57 ± 0.35 | 1.11 ± 0.64 | 0.042 |
| Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 1.43 ± 0.58 | 0.94 ± 0.32 | 0.041 |
| 1-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-GPC (14:0/16:0) | Lipid | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) | 1.92 ± 0.79 | 1.12 ± 0.6 | 0.028 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1) | Lipid | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) | 2.14 ± 1.17 | 1.13 ± 0.48 | 0.035 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPC (16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) | 1.17 ± 0.11 | 1 ± 0.14 | 0.014 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-dihomo-linolenoyl-GPC (16:0/20:3n3 or 6) | Lipid | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) | 1.35 ± 0.24 | 1 ± 0.2 | 0.003 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE (16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) | 1.96 ± 0.75 | 1.05 ± 0.55 | 0.009 |
| 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE (18:0/18:2) | Lipid | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) | 1.9 ± 0.77 | 1.14 ± 0.5 | 0.025 |
| 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE (18:1/18:2) | Lipid | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) | 2.54 ± 1.18 | 1.29 ± 0.73 | 0.016 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-GPI (16:0/18:1) | Lipid | Phosphatidylinositol (PI) | 1.97 ± 0.56 | 1.33 ± 0.55 | 0.026 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPI (16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Phosphatidylinositol (PI) | 1.83 ± 0.58 | 1.23 ± 0.44 | 0.026 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPI (16:0/20:4) | Lipid | Phosphatidylinositol (PI) | 1.65 ± 0.57 | 1.04 ± 0.36 | 0.016 |
| 1-linoleoyl-GPA (18:2) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 2.2 ± 1.04 | 1.13 ± 0.62 | 0.017 |
| 1-palmitoyl-GPC (16:0) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.17 ± 0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 0.003 |
| 2-palmitoyl-GPC (16:0) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 0.9 ± 0.36 | 0.041 |
| 1-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:1) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.79 ± 0.68 | 1.01 ± 0.32 | 0.006 |
| 2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:1) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.63 ± 0.9 | 0.75 ± 0.47 | 0.02 |
| 1-palmitoyl-GPI (16:0) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.92 ± 0.96 | 0.86 ± 0.64 | 0.015 |
| 1-stearoyl-GPI (18:0) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.36 ± 0.43 | 0.89 ± 0.5 | 0.048 |
| 1-linoleoyl-GPI (18:2) | Lipid | Lysophospholipid | 1.54 ± 0.59 | 1 ± 0.49 | 0.048 |
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoyl-GPC (P-16:0/16:0) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0.92 ± 0.21 | 1.27 ± 0.29 | 0.01 |
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (P-16:0/20:4) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0.86 ± 0.23 | 1.25 ± 0.27 | 0.005 |
| 1-palmitoylglycerol (16:0) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 2.12 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.31 | 0.004 |
| 1-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 2.6 ± 2.06 | 0.72 ± 0.44 | 0.026 |
| 1-oleoylglycerol (18:1) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 1.69 ± 1.01 | 0.83 ± 0.5 | 0.035 |
| 1-linoleoylglycerol (18:2) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 1.65 ± 0.92 | 0.85 ± 0.53 | 0.037 |
| 1-linolenoylglycerol (18:3) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 1.76 ± 1 | 0.86 ± 0.52 | 0.034 |
| 1-dihomo-linolenylglycerol (20:3) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 2.69 ± 2.15 | 0.87 ± 0.63 | 0.027 |
| 2-palmitoylglycerol (16:0) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 1.35 ± 1.11 | 0.39 ± 0.35 | 0.034 |
| 2-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 2.17 ± 1.99 | 0.31 ± 0.51 | 0.024 |
| 1-heptadecenoylglycerol (17:1) | Lipid | Monoacylglycerol | 1.49 ± 1.04 | 0.61 ± 0.31 | 0.037 |
| Palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:1) | Lipid | Diacylglycerol | 3.07 ± 2.59 | 0.95 ± 0.8 | 0.032 |
| Palmitoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Diacylglycerol | 1.94 ± 1.26 | 0.92 ± 0.53 | 0.046 |
| Palmitoyl-docosahexaenoyl-glycerol (16:0/22:6) | Lipid | Diacylglycerol | 1.63 ± 1.06 | 0.67 ± 0.46 | 0.03 |
| Oleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:1) | Lipid | Diacylglycerol | 3.03 ± 2.4 | 1.09 ± 0.64 | 0.044 |
| Sphingomyelin (d17:1/14:0, d16:1/15:0) | Lipid | Sphingomyelins | 1.63 ± 0.52 | 1.13 ± 0.47 | 0.047 |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2) | Lipid | Sphingomyelins | 1.04 ± 0.2 | 1.27 ± 0.23 | 0.038 |
| 5,6-dihydrouracil | Nucleotide | Pyrimidine Metabolism, Uracil containing | 0.89 ± 0.29 | 1.43 ± 0.6 | 0.027 |
| Gamma-glutamylalanine | Peptide | Gamma-glutamyl Amino Acid | 1.57 ± 0.59 | 0.82 ± 0.32 | 0.004 |
| Gamma-glutamylhistidine | Peptide | Gamma-glutamyl Amino Acid | 1.23 ± 0.37 | 0.81 ± 0.32 | 0.021 |
| Gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine | Peptide | Gamma-glutamyl Amino Acid | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 0.9 ± 0.25 | 0.049 |
| Metabolonic lactone sulfate | Partially Characterized Molecules | Partially Characterized Molecules | 2 ± 1.34 | 0.47 ± 0.49 | 0.009 |
| 4-allylcatechol sulfate | Xenobiotics | Benzoate Metabolism | 1.21 ± 0.79 | 0.52 ± 0.42 | 0.032 |
| S-allylcysteine | Xenobiotics | Food Component/Plant | 2.49 ± 2.47 | 0.32 ± 0.38 | 0.03 |
| 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | Xenobiotics | Drug—Topical Agents | 2.31 ± 1.2 | 1 ± 0.58 | 0.009 |
| Thioproline | Xenobiotics | Chemical | 1.13 ± 0.36 | 0.8 ± 0.27 | 0.048 |
Note: A pairwise comparison was performed between the male and female stroke patients to identify distinct biomarkers associated with male and female patients among the thousands of variables using Student T-tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.