Table 2.
Characterization of targeted phenolic compounds in A. domesticus and feed extracts by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS).
| Target Compound | RT (min) | Molecular Weight | MRM Transition | Phenolic Compounds (ng/10 mg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Acheta | Commercial Acheta | Organic Feed | Commercial Feed | ||||
| Phenolic Acids | |||||||
| Quinic acid | 0.34 | 192 | 191 > 85 | 1.6 ± 0.9 a | 4.0 ± 2.2 a | 6.5 ± 0.9 x | 6.0 ± 1.5 x |
| Gallic acid | 0.64 | 170 | 169 > 125 | 1.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 b | 6.3 ± 0.7 x | 9.2 ± 0.9 y |
| 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | 1.28 | 138 | 137 > 93 | 29.4 ± 3.3 a | 20.6 ± 2.9 a | 79.9 ± 4.6 x | 70.3 ± 3.9 x |
| Chlorogenic Acid | 1.53 | 354 | 353 > 191 | 3.1 ± 0.7 a | 1.5 ± 0.7 a | 11.8 ± 1.3 x | 104.0 ± 13.2 y |
| Caffeic acid | 1.69 | 180 | 179 > 135 | 1.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 16.7 ± 1.6 x | 35.8 ± 4.5 y |
| Syringic acid | 1.98 | 198 | 197 > 167 | 13.8 ± 3.5 a | 4.7 ± 1.0 b | 127.3 ± 14.6 x | 132.8 ± 15.3 x |
| p-coumaric acid | 2.5 | 164 | 163 > 119 | 7.0 ± 1.3 a | 5.8 ± 0.7 b | 115.0 ± 9.1 x | 126.5 ± 15.7 x |
| Ferulic acid | 3.08 | 194 | 193 > 134 | 9.9 ± 1.2 a | 12.9 ± 1.6 a | 95.0 ± 5.4 x | 144.2 ± 9.1 y |
| Sinapic acid | 3.24 | 224 | 223 > 208 | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.8 ± 0.2 b | 33.1 ± 3.7 x | 20.6 ± 2.3 y |
| 2-hydroxybenzoic acid | 3.59 | 138 | 137 > 65 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | n.d | 20.0 ± 1.5 x | 12.8 ± 1.0 y |
| Flavonoids | |||||||
| Quercetin-3-glucoside | 3.41 | 464 | 463 > 300 | n.d | n.d | 7.2 ± 0.8 x | 88.8 ± 4.7 y |
| Quercetin-3-rutinoside | 3.48 | 610 | 609 > 300 | n.d | n.d | 1.5 ± 0.1 x | 2.3 ± 0.2 y |
| Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 3.71 | 448 | 447 > 284 | n.d | n.d | 6.8 ± 0.8 x | 8.2 ± 0.5 x |
| Daidzein | 3.73 | 254 | 253 > 91 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d | 7.4 ± 0.1 x | 5.6 ± 0.2 y |
| Quercetin | 4.28 | 302 | 301 > 151 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | n.d | 6.3 ± 0.6 x | 14.9 ± 0.9 y |
| Naringenin | 4.54 | 272 | 271 > 151 | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.7 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.2 x | 3.1 ± 0.3 x |
| Apigenin | 4.57 | 270 | 269 > 117 | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.0 b | 26.4 ± 2.4 x | 13.4 ± 0.4 y |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard error (n = 6). Each phenolic compound was analyzed separately. A comparison was made between the organic Acheta and commercial Acheta and between the organic feed and commercial feed, respectively. Different superscript letters (a, b and x, y) indicate significant differences (p-value < 0.05) between sample groups (Acheta and feed, respectively); “n.d” implies the compound was not detected.