Figure 11.

The schematic molecular model describing the signaling pathways involved in the acquisition of cold tolerance in maize seedlings. The model was constructed based on the main cold response components identified in this report, as well as plant abiotic stress pathway schemes previously described. The downward pointing arrows represent the sequence of events in cold tolerance in maize, from stress signal perception to acclimation mechanisms. Abbreviation key: GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; GLR, glutamate receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ABA, abscisic acid; JA, jasmonic acid; CDPKs, calcium-dependent protein kinases; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PPs, protein phosphatase; WAKs, wall-associated kinases; PKs, protein kinases; PRX, peroxidases; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; KCS, ketoacyl-CoA synthase; GAD, glutamate decarboxylase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; TRX, thioredoxin; GST, glutathione transferase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase.