Table 3.
Summary of results of included studies.
| Outcomes (Compared to Control Group) |
Elderly | Chronic Disease |
Pregnant | SMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health outcomes | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | ↓ * | Mixed (↑ *, NS) | Mixed (↑ *, NS) | Mixed (↑ *, ↓ *) |
| Anxiety | ↓ * | Mixed (↑ *, NS) | Mixed (↓ *,↑ *, NS) | ↑ * |
| Stress | ↓ * | ↑ * | - | Mixed (↓ *,↑ *) |
| PTSD symptoms | Mixed (↓ *, NS) | - | - | Mixed † (↑ *,↓ *) |
| Sleep disturbance | - | ↑ * | - | - |
| Positive affect | - | - | NS | - |
| Negative affect | - | - | NS | - |
Note. ↑ or ↓, The symptom severity was significantly higher or lower than that of control group; *, p < 0.05; †, the results differed between SMI (bipolar disorder and psychotic disorders) and CMD (depression and anxiety) classified by Gonzalez-Blanco (2020). Abbreviations. CMD, common mental disorder; NS, not significant; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SMI, severe mental illness.