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. 2021 Oct 17;18(20):10892. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010892

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Expression of vasoactive regulatory protein and antioxidant enzyme/response in myocardium. (A) Absent upregulation of dysfunctional enzyme (eNOS protein) in the diabetic (IDDM/NIDDM) versus the control (CTR) group. (B) Significant decrease in activated eNOS (Ser1177 phosphorylation) in the IDDM/NIDDM versus CTR group. (C) Slightly lower DHFR expression in the IDDM/NIDDM versus CTR group. (D) Significant upregulation of the antioxidant stress-response enzyme HO-1 in the IDDM/NIDDM versus CTR group. Data are mean ± SD of n = 37–39 (CTR) and 17 (IDDM/NIDDM) (A,B) and n = 38 (CTR) and 16 (IDDM/NIDDM) (C) and n = 37 (CTR) and 16 (IDDM/NIDDM) (D) patients. Unpaired t-test in (A–C) and Mann–Whitney test in (D). CTR, control; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 2; NIDDM, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type 2.