Table 5. The effects of smoking on sperm quality and sperm morphology.
| Parameters | Non-smokers (n = 381) | Smokers (n = 153) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean(SD) | Median (5–95) | Mean(SD) | Median (5–95) | ||
| Sperm count, mln | 221.49(207.90) | 181.94(26.09–467.17) | 189.68(164.15) | 160.58(5.84–464.21) | 0.0016 |
| Sperm concentration, mln/ml | 57.43(41.54) | 48.91(7.38–134.25) | 55.03(41.94) | 44.13(3.38–142.55) | 0.0580 |
| Progressive motility, % | 46.59(26.03) | 44.99(4.95–89.53) | 41.63(27.83) | 40.45(1.97–86.13) | 0.0051 |
| Normal sperm, % | 7.32(3.14) | 7.25(2.50–13.00) | 6.96(3.18) | 7.00(1.75–11.75) | 0.1086 |
| TZI | 1.48(0.12) | 1.47(1.32–1.70) | 1.51(0.14) | 1.49(1.31–1.80) | 0.0007 |
| DFI, % | 8.61(5.99) | 7.01(2.78–21.32) | 12.4(10.51) | 8.13(2.69–34.79) | 0.0056 |
| Head abnormalities | |||||
| Amorphous, % | 63.8(14.79) | 66.00(34.00–84.50) | 61.23(14.27) | 62.50(34.00–80.75) | 0.0362 |
| Pyriform, % | 9.46(10.22) | 6.50(0.50–34.00) | 10.34(10.09) | 7.00(0.75–35.33) | 0.1577 |
| Elongated, % | 10.71(9.26) | 8.00(1.00–28.00) | 12.43(9.23) | 9.50(1.50–29.75) | 0.0089 |
| Round, % | 1.62(2.03) | 1.00(0.00–5.50) | 1.79(2.4) | 1.00(0.00–7.50) | 0.4229 |
| Large, % | 0.13(0.29) | 0.00(0.00–0.50) | 0.14(0.32) | 0.00(0.00–0.50) | 0.8403 |
| Small, % | 0.58(0.88) | 0.50(0.00–2.50) | 0.48(0.71) | 0.00(0.00–2.00) | 0.2797 |
| Double, % | 0.04(0.16) | 0.00(0.00–0.50) | 0.07(0.27) | 0.00(0.00–0.50) | 0.0463 |
| Vacuolated, % | 10.50(6.94) | 9.00(2.25–22.50) | 11.77(7.08) | 10.50(2.50–24.00) | 0.0247 |
| Abnormal acrosome, % | 17.31(10.37) | 15.00(6.00–38.00) | 19.10(12.98) | 15.50(5.00–47.00) | 0.0811 |
| Midpiece abnormalities | |||||
| Bent_head, % | 5.72(3.80) | 4.50(1.00–13.33) | 6.17(4.85) | 5.00(1.50–16.00) | 0.3206 |
| Asymmetrical neck insertion, % | 17.64(8.10) | 16.50(6.00–31.50) | 19.94(8.04) | 20.50(7.00–33.50) | <0.0001 |
| Thick mipiece, % | 6.72(3.75) | 6.00(2.00–14.00) | 6.93(3.68) | 6.50(2.50–13.00) | 0.6052 |
| Thin midpiece, % | 0.98(1.08) | 0.50(0.00–3.00) | 1.17(1.52) | 1.00(0.00–3.50) | 0.2588 |
| Tail abnormalities | |||||
| Double tail, % | 1.32(1.20) | 1.00(0.00–3.50) | 1.26(1.20) | 1.00(0.00–3.50) | 0.8334 |
| Coiled tail,% | 10.15(6.01) | 9.00(3.00–21.50) | 10.73(5.62) | 9.50(3.50–22.50) | 0.3838 |
| Short tail, % | 2.44(2.10) | 2.00(0.50–6.00) | 2.79(2.55) | 2.00(0.00–8.82) | 0.2010 |
| Excess residual cytoplasm | |||||
| ERC, % | 7.56(4.54) | 6.50(2.00–15.50) | 8.26(4.94) | 7.50(2.50–17.00) | 0.0328 |
| Abnormalities in different parts of spermatozoon | |||||
| Head, % | 47.01(9.73) | 47.00(30.50–62.75) | 43.88(10.35) | 45.00(26.00–62.00) | <0.0001 |
| Midpiece,% | 3.99(2.76) | 3.50(0.50–9.00) | 4.27(3.14) | 3.50(0.50–11.00) | 0.3938 |
| Tail, % | 1.38(1.47) | 1.00(0.00–4.00) | 1.22(1.23) | 1.00(0.00–3.50) | 0.1800 |
| Head&Midpiece_% | 27.9(8.44) | 27.50(15.50–43.00) | 30.27(8.72) | 30.00(17.00–44.00) | <0.0001 |
| Head&Tail_% | 9.07(5.13) | 8.00(3.00–18.50) | 9.41(4.96) | 8.50(3.50–18.50) | 0.6890 |
| Midpiece&Tail_% | 0.28(0.43) | 0.00(0.00–1.00) | 0.32(0.53) | 0.00(0.00–1.50) | 0.9385 |
| Head&Midpiece&Tail_% | 3.14(2.36) | 2.50(0.50–7.50) | 3.81(2.87) | 3.00(0.50–9.75) | <0.0001 |
Note. Results based on raw data. Analysis of variance used to compare all parameters. Significant (p<0.05) differences between groups are highlighted by bold text.
Abbreviations: SD—standard deviation; (5–95) - 5th–95th percentile; DFI–DNA fragmentation index; TZI–teratozoospermia index; ERC–excess residual cytoplasm.