Table 2.
Characteristics of participants and distribution of frailty (n = 780).
| Characteristics a | Total | Robustness | Pre-Frailty | Frailty | p Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | 68.85 (2.64) | 68.57 (2.60) | 69.14 (2.66) | 68.87 (2.66) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.35 (3.29) | 25.04 (2.98) | 25.63 (3.53) | 25.80 (3.75) | 0.041 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1408.39 (579.45) | 1438.06 (586.89) | 1388.88 (579.01) | 1276.43 (467.06) | 0.227 |
| Total, N (%) | 780 (100) | 378 (48.46) | 372 (47.69) | 30 (3.85) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 335 (42.95) | 191 (57.01) | 136 (40.60) | 8 (2.39) | <0.001 |
| Female | 445 (57.05) | 187 (42.02) | 236 (53.03) | 22 (4.94) | |
| Age | |||||
| 65–69 years | 472 (60.51) | 247 (52.33) | 208 (44.07) | 17 (3.60) | 0.010 |
| 70–74 years | 308 (39.49) | 131 (42.53) | 164 (53.25) | 13 (4.22) | |
| Education Level | |||||
| Primary school or below | 613 (78.59) | 279 (45.51) | 307 (50.08) | 27 (4.40) | 0.004 |
| Secondary school or above | 167 (21.41) | 99(59.28) | 65 (38.92) | 3 (1.80) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 672 (86.15) | 339 (50.45) | 307 (45.68) | 26 (3.87) | 0.018 |
| Others c | 108 (13.85) | 39 (36.11) | 65 (60.19) | 4 (3.70) | |
| Annual per capita household income | |||||
| <￥10,000 | 58(7.44) | 19 (32.76) | 35 (60.34) | 4 (6.90) | <0.001 |
| ￥10,000~30,000 | 495 (63.46) | 223 (45.05) | 252 (50.91) | 20 (4.04) | |
| ≥￥30,000 | 227 (29.10) | 136 (59.91) | 85 (37.44) | 6 (2.64) | |
| Behavioral variables | |||||
| Current smoker d | 111 (14.23) | 63 (56.76) | 42 (37.84) | 6 (5.41) | 0.006 |
| Not current smoker | 669 (85.77) | 315 (47.09) | 330 (42.31) | 24 (0.04) | |
| Current alcohol use e | 50 (6.41) | 17 (34.00) | 29 (58.00) | 4 (8.00) | <0.001 |
| Not current alcohol user | 730 (93.59) | 361 (49.45) | 343 (46.99) | 26 (3.56) | |
| Doing housework everyday | 672 (86.15) | 329 (48.96) | 324 (48.21) | 19 (2.83) | 0.001 |
| Not doing housework everyday | 108 (13.85) | 49 (45.37) | 48 (44.44) | 11 (10.19) | |
| Being sedentary > 6 h/day | 94 (12.05) | 45 (47.87) | 43 (45.74) | 6 (6.38) | 0.390 |
| Not being sedentary > 6 h/day | 686 (87.95) | 333 (48.54) | 329 (47.96) | 24 (3.50) | |
| Self-reported diseases | |||||
| Hypertension | 405 (51.92) | 198 (48.89) | 189 (46.67) | 18 (4.44) | 0.606 |
| Without hypertension | 375 (48.08) | 180 (48.00) | 183 (48.80) | 12 (3.20) | |
| Diabetes | 129 (16.54) | 52 (40.31) | 62 (48.06) | 15 (11.63) | <0.001 |
| Without diabetes | 651 (93.46) | 326 (50.08) | 310 (47.62) | 15 (2.30) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 50 (6.41) | 20 (40.00) | 25 (50.00) | 5 (10.00) | 0.067 |
| Without chronic lung disease | 730 (93.59) | 358 (49.04) | 347 (47.53) | 25 (3.42) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 17 (2.18) | 6 (35.29) | 10 (58.82) | 1 (5.88) | 0.465 |
| Without myocardial infarction | 763 (97.92) | 372 (48.75) | 362 (47.44) | 29 (3.80) | |
| Angina | 33 (4.23) | 14 (42.42) | 17 (51.52) | 2 (6.06) | 0.669 |
| Without angina | 747 (95.77) | 364 (48.73) | 355 (47.52) | 28 (3.75) | |
| Asthma | 26 (3.33) | 8 (30.77) | 13 (50.00) | 5 (19.23) | <0.001 |
| Without asthma | 754 (96.67) | 370 (49.07) | 359 (47.61) | 25 (3.32) | |
| Arthritis | 286 (36.67) | 132 (46.15) | 139 (48.60) | 15 (5.24) | 0.238 |
| Without arthritis | 494 (63.33) | 246 (49.80) | 233 (47.17) | 15 (3.04) | |
| Stroke | 102 (13.08) | 37 (36.27) | 56 (54.90) | 9 (8.82) | 0.002 |
| Without stroke | 678 (86.92) | 341 (50.29) | 316 (46.61) | 21 (3.10) | |
| Kidney disease | 164 (21.03) | 80 (48.78) | 78 (47.56) | 6 (3.66) | 0.988 |
| Without kidney disease | 616 (79.97) | 298 (48.38) | 294 (47.73) | 24 (3.90) | |
| Cancer | 27 (3.46) | 8 (29.63) | 17 (62.96) | 2 (7.41) | 0.114 |
| Without cancer | 753 (96.54) | 370 (49.14) | 355 (47.14) | 28 (3.72) | |
a Categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentages) based on chi square test or Fisher exact test. Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation). b p-value between robust, pre-frail, and frail participants by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. c Widowed, Separated, divorced, single, or never married. d Smoking at least once a day for at least six months. e Drinking alcohol at least three times a week for at least six months. p values < 0.05 are shown in bold.