Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Study Groups | Study Intervention | Study Duration | Training Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clark [28] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 26; Control (CG): 17 | CO: 8 exercises (chest press, body squat, squat calf, lat machine, arm curls, leg press, knee extension, knee flexion) with weights. CG: No intervention. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 2 d/w Reps: 3 × 10 Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: 70% of 1RM Progression: Every 6 weeks (repeating 1RM test) |
| Dourado [29] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 11; Low-intensity training (LIT): 13; Combined training (CT): 11 | CO: 7 exercises (leg press, leg extension, lat pull down, chest press, seated rowing, triceps pulley, and biceps curl) with weight machines. LIT: 30 min of walking and 30 min of low-intensity CO with free weights, on exercise mats and on parallel bars. CT: 30 min of CO group and 30 min as LIT group. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 3 × 12 (CO); 2 × 8 (CT) Phase velocity: NA Rest: 2 min Load: 50–80% of 1RM Progression: Every 3 weeks (repeating 1RM test) |
| Freire [41] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 16; Elastic tubing resistance (ER): 18; Elastic bands resistance (EB): 14 | CO: 5 exercises (shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, shoulder flexion; knee extension and knee flexion) with weight machines. ER and EB: The same exercise program of CO was carried out with elastic tubing or bands. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 2 × 15 (weeks 1–2); 3 × 15 (weeks 3–6); 3 × 10 (weeks 7–9); 3 × 15 (weeks 10–12) Phase velocity: 2 s Rest: 2 min Load: established with nRM Progression: Each session with the nRM test |
| Hoff [35] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 6; Control (CG): 6 | CO: 1 exercise (leg press). CG: No intervention. |
8 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 4 × 5 Phase velocity: Explosive concentric, slow eccentric Rest: 2 min Load: 85–90% of 1RM Progression: 2.5 kg increment when 5 reps were exceeded |
| Kongsgaard [30] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 6; Control (CG): 7 | CO: 3 exercises (leg press, knee extension, knee flexion) with weight machines. CG: Breathing exercise. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 2 d/w Reps: 4 × 8 Phase velocity: Explosive concentric Rest: 2–3 min Load: 80% of 1RM Progression: Every week |
| Nyberg [36] | Elastic bands resistance (EB): 22; Control (CG): 22 | EB: 8 exercises (latissimus row, chest press, leg extension, straight arm shoulder flex, leg curl, elbow flexion, leg heel raise, leg step-up). CG: 4 days of education. |
8 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 2 × 25 Phase velocity: 1 s Rest: 1 min Load: Established nRM Progression: Every 2 sessions (if Borg scale < 4) |
| Nyberg [42] | Elastic band single-limb resistance (SEB): 16; Elastic band two-limb resistance (TEB):17 | SEB: 7 exercises (knee extension, leg curl, latissimus row, chest press, elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, calf) with a single limb at a time. TEB: As SEB but using both limbs at a time. |
8 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 3 × 25–30 Phase velocity: 1 s Rest: 1 min Load: Established nRM Progression: Increased every two sessions by 10% if patients exceeded 30 reps |
| Ortega [31] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 17; Endurance training (ET): 16; Combined training (CT): 14 | CO: 5 exercises (lat pull, butterfly, neck press, leg flexion, leg extension) with gymnastic apparatus. ET: 40 min of cycling at 70% of peak work capacity. CT: 20 min of cycling plus CO. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 4 × 6–8 (CO); 2 × 6–8 (CT) Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: 70–85% of 1RM Progression: Every 2 weeks (repeating 1RM test) |
| Ramos [37] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 17; Elastic tubing resistance (ER): 17 | CO: 5 exercises (knee extension, knee flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, elbow flexion) with weight machines. ER: Same exercises as CO group, performed with elastic tubing. |
8 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 3 × 10 (CO); 2–7 × maximum in 20 s (ER) Phase velocity: NA Rest: 2 min Load: 60% (week 1) to 80% (week 8) of 1RM Progression: Increased by 4% every four sessions (CO); increased by one set every two sessions (ER) |
| Silva [32] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 10; Elastic tubing resistance (ER): 9 | CO: 5 exercises (knee flexion, knee extension, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, elbow flexion) with weight machines. ER: Same exercises as CO group, performed with elastic tubing. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 2 × 15 (weeks 1–3); 3 × 15 (weeks 4–6); 3 × 10 (weeks 7–9); 4 × 6 (weeks 10–12) Phase velocity: 1.8 s Rest: 2 min Load: 15RM Progression: Increased when patients exceeded the nRM |
| Silva [33] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 11; Elastic resistance (ER): 24 | CO: 5 exercises (knee flexion, knee extension, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, elbow flexion) with weight machines. ER: Same exercises as CO group, performed with elastics. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 2 × 15 (weeks 1–3); 3 × 15 (weeks 4–6); 3 × 10 (weeks 7–9); 3 × 15 (weeks 10–12) Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: Established nRM Progression: Increased when patients exceeded the nRM |
| Simpson [38] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 14; Control (CG): 14 | CO: 3 exercises with weights using a single limb at a time (arm curl, leg extension, leg press). CG: No intervention. |
8 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 3 × 10 Phase velocity: Slow concentric Rest: NA Load: 50% (week 1) to 85% (week 8) of 1RM Progression: Every 6 sessions (repeating 1RM test) |
| Spruit [39] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 14; Endurance training (ET): 16 | CO: 6 exercises (quadriceps, pectorals, triceps brachia, deltoids, biceps brachia, hamstrings) with weight machines. ET: Cycling or walking for 25 min at 75% of peak work or 60% of 6-min walk speed) plus arm cranking (4–9 min). |
12 weeks | Frequency: 3 d/w Reps: 3 × 8 Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: 70% of 1RM Progression: Increased by 5% of 1RM every week |
| Vonbank [34] | Conventional resistance training (CO): 12; Endurance training (ET): 12; Combined training (CT): 12 | CO: 8 exercises (chest press, chest cross, shoulder press, pull downs, biceps curl, triceps extensions, sit-ups, leg press). ET: Cycling for 20 min (increased by 5 min every 4 weeks) at 60% of estimated VO2peak. CT: CO plus ET |
12 weeks | Frequency: 2 d/w Reps: 2 × 8–15 (weeks 1–4); 3 × 8-15 (weeks 5–9); 4 × 8–15 (weeks 10–12) Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: Established nRM Progression: Increased when patients exceeded the nRM |
| Zambom- Ferraresi [40] |
Conventional resistance training (CO): 14; Combined training (CT): 14; Control (CG): 8 | CO: 6 exercises (leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, seated row, shoulder press) with weight machines. CT: one d/w of CO and 1 d/w of cycling for 20–35 min at 65–90% of peak heaCO rate (increased each session). CG: No intervention. |
12 weeks | Frequency: 2 d/w Reps: 3–4 × 6–12 Phase velocity: NA Rest: NA Load: 50–70% of 1RM Progression: Every 6 weeks (repeating 1RM test) |
1RM, one repetition maximum; 15RM, fifteen maximal repetitions; CG, control group; CO, conventional resistance training; CT, combined training; EB, resistance training with elastic bands; ER, resistance training with elastic tubing; ET, endurance training; LIT, low-intensity training; NA, not applicable; nRM, maximum number of repetitions; SEB, single-limb resistance training; TEB, two-limb resistance training.