Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the sample population (n = 428).
| Variable Name | Categories | Overall Sample | COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy | Test Statistics | p Value | Effect Size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 208) | No (n = 220) | ||||||
| Age (Mean ± SD) | - | 43.43 ± 16.9 | 40.5 ± 15.8 | 46.2 ± 17.4 | −3.475 * | 0.001 | 0.34 |
| Gender | Male | 203 (47.4) | 101 (48.6) | 102 (46.4) | 1.202 | 0.5 | 0.053 |
| Female | 225 (52.6) | 107 (51.4) | 118 (53.6) | ||||
| Marital status | Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 70 (16.4) | 30 (14.4) | 40 (18.2) | 6.822 | 0.07 | 0.126 |
| Married | 195 (45.6) | 106 (24.8) | 89 (20.8) | ||||
| Never married | 120 (28.0) | 41 (23.6) | 79 (32.3) | ||||
| Other | 43 (10.0) | 23 (11.1) | 20 (9.1) | ||||
| Education | High school diploma or GED | 68 (15.9) | 30 (14.4) | 38 (17.3) | 5.048 | 0.7 | 0.109 |
| Associate degree | 46 (10.7) | 20 (9.6) | 26 (11.8) | ||||
| Bachelor degree | 96 (22.4) | 45 (21.6) | 51 (23.2) | ||||
| Master degree | 68 (15.9) | 37 (17.8) | 31 (14.1) | ||||
| Doctoral degree | 18 (4.2) | 9 (4.3) | 9 (4.1) | ||||
| Professional degree | 14 (3.3) | 5 (2.4) | 9 (4.1) | ||||
| Some college but no degree | 88 (20.6) | 47 (22.6) | 41 (18.6) | ||||
| Trade school | 15 (3.5) | 6 (2.9) | 9 (4.1) | ||||
| Less than a high school diploma | 15 (3.5) | 9 (4.3) | 6 (2.7) | ||||
| Annual Income | Less than $25,000 | 87 (20.3) | 38 (18.3) | 49 (22.3) | 3.910 | 0.7 | 0.096 |
| $25,001–$50,000 | 89 (20.8) | 42 (20.2) | 47 (21.4) | ||||
| $50,001–$75,000 | 76 (17.8) | 38 (18.3) | 38 (17.3) | ||||
| $75,001–$100,000 | 45 (10.5) | 25 (12.0) | 20 (9.1) | ||||
| $100,001–$125,000 | 42 (9.8) | 22 (10.6) | 20 (9.1) | ||||
| $125,001–$150,000 | 39 (9.1) | 22 (10.6) | 17 (7.7) | ||||
| $150,000+ | 50 (11.7) | 21 (10.1) | 29 (13.2) | ||||
| Employed | Yes | 273 (63.8) | 139 (66.8) | 134 (60.9) | 1.621 | 0.2 | 0.062 |
| No | 155 (36.2) | 69 (16.1) | 86 (20.1) | ||||
| Region | Midwest | 94 (22.0) | 44 (21.2) | 50 (22.7) | 16.322 | 0.7 | 0.195 |
| Northeast | 79 (18.5) | 54 (26.0) | 25 (11.4) | <0.001 | |||
| South | 164 (38.3) | 72 (34.6) | 92 (41.8) | 0.1 | |||
| West | 90 (21.0) | 38 (18.3) | 52 (23.6) | 0.2 | |||
| Political affiliation | Democrat | 276 (64.5) | 116 (55.8) | 160 (72.7) | 15.923 | <0.001 | 0.193 |
| Republican | 68 (15.9) | 46 (22.1) | 22 (10.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Others, including independent | 84 (19.6) | 46 (22.1) | 38 (17.3) | 0.2 | |||
| Religion | Christianity | 309 (72.2) | 147 (70.7) | 162 (73.6) | 5.734 | 0.5 | 0.116 |
| Atheist | 45 (10.5) | 17 (8.2) | 28 (12.7) | 0.13 | |||
| Others | 74 (17.3) | 44 (21.2) | 30 (13.6) | 0.04 | |||
| Location of residence | Urban | 240 (56.1) | 114 (54.8) | 126 (57.3) | 2.60 | 0.3 | 0.078 |
| Semi urban | 122 (28.5) | 56 (26.9) | 66 (30.0) | ||||
| Rural | 66 (15.4) | 38 (18.3) | 28 (12.7) | ||||
Note: The percentages may not add up to 100% as some of the participants preferred not to answer a few questions. p values for multiple comparisons are Bonferroni-corrected unless overall p values came insignificant; * T statistics.