. 2021 Oct 13;10(10):2435. doi: 10.3390/foods10102435

Table 3.

Carotenoid bioaccessibility (%)¹ after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of Sweet Mary papaya (Carica papaya L.) variety submitted to HHP treatments (100, 350 and 600 MPa at CUT and 5 min).

Compound	Non-Treated	100 MPa/CUT	100 MPa/5 min	350 MPa/CUT	350 MPa/5 min	600 MPa/CUT	600 MPa/5 min
Free xanthophylls
(all-E)-violaxanthin	0.6 ± 0.0 ^a	1.5 ± 0.0 ^b	1.4 ± 0.0 ^b	3.2 ± 0.1 ^e	2.6 ± 0.1 ^d	2.4 ± 0.1 ^d	2.0 ± 0.0 ^c
(all-E)-zeaxanthin	1.5 ± 0.0 ^a	2.6 ± 0.1 ^d	1.7 ± 0.2 ^ab	2.1 ± 0.0 ^bc	2.4 ± 0.1 ^cd	1.3 ± 0.0 ^a	1.7 ± 0.0 ^ab
(all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin	3.4 ± 0.1 ^f	1.9 ± 0.1 ^c	n.d. ^a	1.4 ± 0.0 ^b	2.7 ± 0.1 ^e	2.4 ± 0.0 ^d	1.7 ± 0.0 ^c
Xanthophyll esters
(all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate	0.3 ± 0.0 ^d	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	0.4 ± 0.0 ^e	0.3 ± 0.0 ^d	0.2 ± 0.0 ^c	0.1 ± 0.0 ^b
Hydrocarbon carotenoids
(all-E)-α-carotene	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	2.9 ± 0.0 ^b	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a
(all-E)-β-carotene	0.6 ± 0.0 ^c	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	0.9 ± 0.0 ^e	0.8 ± 0.0 ^d	0.2 ± 0.0 ^b
(13Z)-lycopene isomer 2	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	0.9 ± 0.0 ^c	0.4 ± 0.0 ^b	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a
(all-E)-lycopene	0.3 ± 0.0 ^a	0.1 ± 0.0 ^a	0.1 ± 0.0 ^a	0.5 ± 0.0 ^b	0.8 ± 0.1 ^c	0.2 ± 0.0 ^a	0.1 ± 0.0 ^a
(Z)-lycopene isomer 6	n.d. ^a	0.4 ± 0.0 ^c	0.3 ± 0.0 ^b	1.6 ± 0.0 ^d	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a	n.d. ^a

n.d., not detected. ¹ Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 4). This came from obtaining at least two independent digestions (n = 2) and performing the determinations of each two times (n = 2). Superscript letters indicate statistically significant differences of specific bioaccessibility of each compound evaluated (p ≤ 0.05) between HHP treatments.