Table 2.
Symptoms of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among Mexican smokers and dual users, 2020 (n = 2753).
| Variables | Depression a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (<=3) | Yes (>3) | OR (95% C.I.) | AOR (95% C.I.) | |
| Wave COVID-19 | % | % | ||
| March 2020, COVID-19, (n = 1395) | 80.1 | 19.9 ** | Reference | Reference |
| July 2020 COVID-19, (n = 1358) | 73.1 | 27.0 | 1.48 (1.26, 1.74) ** | 1.55 (1.31, 1.85) ** |
| Gender | ||||
| Female (n = 1321) | 73.4 | 26.7 | Reference | Reference |
| Male (n = 1432) | 79.7 | 20.3 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) ** | 0.70 (0.58, 0.86) ** |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 (n = 834) | 69.1 | 30.9 | Reference | Reference |
| 30–39 (n = 850) | 74.0 | 26.0 | 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) * | 0.77 (0.60, 0.97) * |
| 40–49 (n = 496) | 83.9 | 16.1 | 0.44 (0.33, 0.60) ** | 0.43 (0.32, 0.59) ** |
| 50+ (n = 573) | 85.3 | 14.7 | 0.39 (0.29, 0.52) ** | 0.37 (0.27, 0.51) ** |
| Education | ||||
| Middle school or less (n = 282) | 73.1 | 27.0 | Reference | Reference |
| High school/technical studies/some college (n = 1544) | 76.8 | 23.2 | 0.81 (0.60, 1.10) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) |
| University or more (n = 927) | 77.5 | 22.6 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.33) |
| Household income | ||||
| ≤8000 (n = 635) | 70.4 | 29.6 | Reference | Reference |
| 8000–15,000 (n = 824) | 76.5 | 23.5 | 0.74 (0.59, 0.94) * | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) |
| 15,000–20,000 (n = 454) | 78.9 | 21.2 | 0.66 (0.49, 0.88) * | 0.73 (0.53, 1.00) |
| >20,000 (n = 704) | 79.7 | 20.3 | 0.64 (0.49, 0.83) * | 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) |
| missing (n = 136) | 83.8 | 16.2 | 0.51 (0.31, 0.85) * | 0.61 (0.36, 1.03) |
| Smoking frequency | ||||
| Non-daily (n = 1401) | 77.2 | 22.8 | Reference | Reference |
| Daily ≤ 5 CPD (n = 587) | 78.2 | 21.8 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.22) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.47) |
| Daily > 5 CPD (n = 695) | 73.8 | 26.2 | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 1.66 (0.31, 2.11) ** |
| Recent quit smoking attempt (Last 4 months) | ||||
| No (n = 1573) | 78.9 | 21.1 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes (n = 1110) | 73.2 | 26.9 | 1.31 (1.10, 1.57) * | 1.34 (1.10, 1.62) * |
a Logistic regression models using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach to consider repeated measures, adjusted included all variables presented in the table. * p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.001.