Table 1.

The distribution of total and phosphorylated AMPK and the protein target activated during different stimuli.

Stimuli	Phosphorylated AMPK Localization	Total AMPK Localization Distribution	Protein Target	Effect	References
Starvation	High in cytoplasm	High in cytoplasm	Nucleus:		[7]
			CRTC2	↑ gluconeogenesis	[14]
				↓ lipogenesis
			HDACs	↑ gluconeogenesis	[15]
			HNF4a	↑ lipid and glucose metabolism	[17,18,40]
			ChREBP
			SREBP1
			Cytoplasm:
			ACC1 and ACC2	↓ lipid synthesis	[19]
			HMGCR	↓ cholesterol synthesis	[1]
			GFAT1	↓ hexosamine pathway and O-GlycNacylation	[15,20]
			GYS1, GYS2 mTOR	↓ glycogen storage	[8,15]
Heat	Low in both cytoplasm and nucleus	High in nucleus	Nucleus: SIRT1 Cytoplasm:	↑ PGC1α expression Mitochondrial adaptation ↑ coupled and uncoupled respiratory capacity	[10] [7,9,10]
			PGC1α
Oxidant	Low in both cytoplasm and nucleus	High in nucleus	Nucleus:	↑ Trx expression	[33]
			FOXO3
			Cytoplasm:	↑ mitochondria biosynthesis ↓ ROS	[7,10,11]
			PGC1α
Circadian rhythm (during the day)	High in cytoplasm	High in cytoplasm	Cytoplasm:	↓ lipid synthesis	[33]
			Raptor, ACC

* up arrow (↑) indicates an increased function, down arrow (↓) indicates a decreased function.