Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models: odds ratios for poor HGS.
| Variables | Univariable | Multivariable | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% Confidence Interval | p a | OR | 95% Confidence Interval | p a | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| sex | ||||||||
| male | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| female | 3.537 | 2.903 | 4.309 | <0.001 | 2.655 | 2.138 | 3.297 | <0.001 |
| age (year), mean (SD) | 1.058 | 1.047 | 1.069 | <0.001 | 1.029 | 1.016 | 1.041 | <0.001 |
| household income | ||||||||
| 4Q (highest) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 3Q | 1.056 | 0.767 | 1.454 | 0.736 | 0.921 | 0.653 | 1.298 | 0.635 |
| 2Q | 1.427 | 1.083 | 1.880 | 0.012 | 0.943 | 0.697 | 1.277 | 0.704 |
| 1Q (lowest) | 4.977 | 3.707 | 6.683 | <0.001 | 1.637 | 1.159 | 2.312 | 0.005 |
| education | ||||||||
| college/university | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| high school | 1.322 | 0.989 | 1.768 | 0.059 | 1.085 | 0.808 | 1.456 | 0.586 |
| middle school | 2.593 | 1.859 | 3.617 | <0.001 | 1.125 | 0.761 | 1.622 | 0.553 |
| elementary school | 9.337 | 6.765 | 12.887 | <0.001 | 2.351 | 1.629 | 3.394 | <0.001 |
| poor subjective health | 1.708 | 1.345 | 2.169 | <0.001 | 1.115 | 0.853 | 1.457 | 0.425 |
| no muscle exercise | 2.559 | 1.877 | 3.489 | <0.001 | 1.526 | 1.094 | 2.129 | 0.013 |
| no aerobic exercise | 1.895 | 1.550 | 2.318 | <0.001 | 1.093 | 0.881 | 1.355 | 0.416 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| normal weight | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| underweight | 1.823 | 1.211 | 2.744 | 0.059 | 2.645 | 1.678 | 4.168 | 0.009 |
| overweight | 0.826 | 0.677 | 1.007 | 0.001 | 0.731 | 0.578 | 0.924 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 2.892 | 2.387 | 3.504 | <0.001 | 1.137 | 0.904 | 1.429 | 0.271 |
| DM | 2.535 | 2.018 | 3.184 | <0.001 | 1.182 | 0.899 | 1.554 | 0.231 |
| DLP | 1.768 | 1.439 | 2.171 | <0.001 | 0.789 | 0.612 | 1.016 | 0.066 |
| stroke | 4.780 | 3.115 | 7.336 | <0.001 | 2.236 | 1.352 | 3.699 | 0.002 |
| OA | 3.813 | 3.009 | 4.831 | 0.001 | 1.406 | 1.087 | 1.818 | 0.010 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; Q, quartile; HGS, handgrip strength; BMI, body mass index (underweight, BMI < 18.5; overweight, BMI ≥ 23); HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; DLP, dyslipidemia; OA, osteoarthritis. a p-values were calculated using univariable logistic regression analysis. Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).