Table 3.
Logistic regression models: generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and its associations.
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | |
| HP (Ref = non-HP) | 0.64 | 0.001 | 0.50, 0.82 | 0.57 | 0.000 | 0.44, 0.73 | 0.59 | 0.000 | 0.45, 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.006 | 0.50, 0.89 |
| Time (Ref = 1) | ||||||||||||
| 2 | 0.63 | 0.000 | 0.52, 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.000 | 0.52, 0.75 | ||||||
| 3 | 0.98 | 0.828 | 0.81, 1.19 | 0.94 | 0.541 | 0.78, 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.984 | 0.80, 1.24 | 1.01 | 0.922 | 0.80, 1.27 |
| 4 | 1.49 | 0.000 | 1.24, 1.79 | 1.45 | 0.000 | 1.21, 1.74 | ||||||
| 5 | 1.80 | 0.000 | 1.52, 2.13 | 1.77 | 0.000 | 1.50, 2.09 | ||||||
| 6 | 1.51 | 0.000 | 1.21, 1.88 | 1.47 | 0.001 | 1.17, 1.83 | 1.44 | 0.002 | 1.14, 1.82 | 1.35 | 0.023 | 1.04, 1.74 |
| 7 | 1.51 | 0.000 | 1.24, 1.83 | 1.46 | 0.000 | 1.20, 1.78 | 1.50 | 0.000 | 1.23, 1.83 | |||
| 8 | 1.78 | 0.000 | 1.44, 2.20 | 1.73 | 0.000 | 1.40, 2.14 | 1.80 | 0.000 | 1.44, 2.24 | 1.96 | 0.000 | 1.54, 2.50 |
| Time × HP (Ref = 1 × HP) |
||||||||||||
| 2 × HP | 0.74 | 0.166 | 0.48, 1.13 | 0.74 | 0.172 | 0.48, 1.14 | ||||||
| 3 × HP | 1.10 | 0.673 | 0.70, 1.73 | 1.14 | 0.582 | 0.72, 1.78 | 1.02 | 0.945 | 0.62, 1.68 | 0.94 | 0.809 | 0.57, 1.55 |
| 4 × HP | 1.02 | 0.928 | 0.68, 1.53 | 1.03 | 0.870 | 0.69, 1.56 | ||||||
| 5 × HP | 0.81 | 0.281 | 0.56, 1.19 | 0.83 | 0.331 | 0.57, 1.21 | ||||||
| 6 × HP | 1.15 | 0.537 | 0.74, 1.78 | 1.15 | 0.526 | 0.74, 1.79 | 1.08 | 0.748 | 0.68,1.72 | 0.98 | 0.919 | 0.60, 1.59 |
| 7 × HP | 0.99 | 0.957 | 0.64, 1.52 | 1.01 | 0.981 | 0.65, 1.54 | 0.96 | 0.845 | 0.62,1.49 | |||
| 8 × HP | 0.80 | 0.363 | 0.49, 1.30 | 0.81 | 0.403 | 0.50, 1.33 | 0.79 | 0.350 | 0.47, 1.30 | 0.71 | 0.208 | 0.41, 1.21 |
| Men (Ref = women) | 0.74 | 0.000 | 0.66, 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.000 | 0.63, 0.86 | 0.70 | 0.000 | 0.58, 0.85 | |||
| Age | 0.98 | 0.001 | 0.97, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.004 | 0.97, 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.432 | 0.99, 1.02 | |||
| Parents’ social status | 0.89 | 0.000 | 0.85, 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.004 | 0.88, 0.98 | ||||||
| Foreign nationality (Ref = Swiss) |
1.19 | 0.156 | 0.94, 1.50 | 1.19 | 0.216 | 0.90, 1.57 | ||||||
| Self-efficacy | 0.33 | 0.000 | 0.29, 0.37 | |||||||||
| Social support (Ref = high) | ||||||||||||
| Low (3–8) | 2.36 | 0.000 | 1.82, 3.05 | |||||||||
| Moderate (9–11) | 1.15 | 0.197 | 0.93, 1.41 | |||||||||
| COVID-19 symptoms (Ref = no) | 1.44 | 0.000 | 1.17, 1.77 | |||||||||
| Constant | 0.33 | 0.000 | 0.29, 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.000 | 0.33, 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.000 | 0.31, 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.000 | 0.19, 0.29 |
| Number of observations | 9330 | 9329 | 4936 | 4022 | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 6975 | 6974 | 4491 | 3891 | ||||||||
| Pseudo R-squared (%) | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 12.20 | ||||||||
Logistic regression models with clustered sandwich estimator for standard errors; OR = Odds Ratio; p = probability; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; HP = health professions students; Ref = reference category; generalized anxiety disorder symptoms refer to a GAD-7 score ≥ 10.