Table 2.
Main types nanoemulsions as edible coatings and their impact on fruit and vegetable shelf life.
| Matrix | Bioactive Substance or Lipid Compound | Production Technique |
Functionality | Fruit or Vegetable | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified chitosan | Lemon, mandarin, oregano, or clove essential oils | High-pressure homogenization (HPH) | Increase the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and improve the homogeneity and stability of the emulsion | Arugula leaf (Eruca sativa) | [72] |
| Chitosan | Carvacrol, bergamot, mandarin, and lemon essential oils | High-pressure homogenization | Increase the antimicrobial activity of essential oils | Green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) | [73] |
| Sodium alginate | Basil essential oil | Ultrasound | Increase the antimicrobial activity of essential oil | Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) | [74] |
| Pullulan | Cinnamon essential oil | Ultrasound | Improve the distribution of oil in the matrix and increase its antimicrobial activity | Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) | [75] |
| Carnauba wax | Lemongrass essential oil | Dynamic high pressure | Increase the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and improve the homogeneity and stability of the emulsion | Plums (Prunus salicina) | [76] |
| Carnauba wax | Lemongrass essential oil | High shear probe and high-pressure dynamic processing (DHP) | Increase the antimicrobial activity of essential oil | Grape berry (Vitis labruscana Bailey) | [77] |
| Candelilla wax | Extract of tarbush | High-speed stirrer | Improved the wettability of the nanocoating on the Fuji apple surface | Fuji apple (Malus domestica ‘Fuji) | [78] |
| Quinoa protein/chitosan | Thymol | 1200 rpm agitation | Increase the antimicrobial activity of the active compound and improve dispersion in the matrix | Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) | [79] |
| Sodium alginate | Lemongrass essential oil | Microfluidization | Improve the stability of the emulsion and increase the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil | Fresh-cut Fuji apples (Malus domestica ‘Fuji) | [59] |
| Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose | Carnauba wax nano-emulsion | High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and mechanical stirring | Reduce gas permeability and moisture loss | ‘Redtainung’ Papaya (Carica papaya) |
[28] |
| Sodium alginate | Citral | Ultrasound | Improve the dispersion of the active compound in the matrix and increase its antimicrobial activity | Fresh cut pineapples (Ananas comosus) | [60] |
| Carnauba wax | Oleic acid and Carnauba wax | High-pressure homogenization (HPH) | Improve optical properties, and emulsion stability | ‘Nova’ mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and ‘Unique’ tangors (C. reticulata C. sinensis) | [18] |
| Chitosan | Cellulose nanocrystal and oleic acid | Ultra turrax homogenizer | Increase coating stability at high humidity, adhesion on fruit surface and delayed ripening of pears | Bartlett pears (Pyrus communis) | [80] |