Table 4.

Main study outcomes.

Authors (Year)	Main Outcomes	Side-Effects/Complications	Conclusion
Tufekci et al. (2008) [10]	BI, MGI and PI were significantly higher in the group that did not use a mouthwash compared with the Listerine® group after 90 and 180 days.	N/R	Listerine® is effective in decreasing plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding in orthodontic patients.
Chen et al. (2013) [11]	BI was significantly lower in Listerine® and FM groups compared with the group that did not use a mouthwash after 180 days. MGI significantly decreased in both FM and Listerine® groups after 90 days. There was no significant difference in PI, BI and MGI in patients that used Listerine® and FM	No complications were mentioned by the patients.	Listerine® and FM mouthwashes lead to decreased bleeding of gingival tissue in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.
Goes et al. (2016) [13]	GBI and VPI were significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the MTC and CHX groups. No significant difference in GBI and VPI in patients that used MTC and CHX.	In the CHX group, five patients reported burning or alterations in taste after 14 days. In the placebo group, one patient reported tongue numbness on day 1.	MTC and CHX are effective in reducing gingival bleeding and oral biofilm accumulation in patients with gingivitis. Anti-inflammatory efficacy of MTC and CHX are comparable.
Alves et al. (2010) [15]	GI significantly decreased in the Listerine® group compared with the placebo mouthwash group. GI and VPI significantly decreased in the Listerine® group compared with the group that did not use a mouthwash.	N/R	Listerine® is an effective adjunct to oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Akbulut (2020) [16]	MPI and MGI significantly decreased in CHX and Listerine® groups after 3 weeks. MPI and MGI were significantly lower in CHX, Listerine® and povidone-iodine groups compared with the group that did not use a mouthwash.	N/R	CHX, Listerine® and povidone-iodine are effective in promoting oral health in patients with orthodontic mini screws.
Bauer Faria et al. (2021) [17]	GBI was significantly higher in the CHX group compared with the ZO group after 7 days.	ZO and CHX have a low taste tolerance.	ZO reduces gingival bleeding and oral biofilm accumulation.

CHX: Chlorhexidine; MTC: Matricaria chamomilla L; FM: Fructus mume; ZO: Zingiber officinale; PI: Plaque index; VPI: Visible plaque index; MPI: Modified plaque index; GI: Gingival index; MGI: Modified gingival index; GBI: Gingival bleeding index; BI: Bleeding index; NR: Not reported.