. 2021 Oct 8;10(10):2378. doi: 10.3390/foods10102378

Table 2.

Phytosterol composition of Apiaceae family seeds spices reported in previous studies.

Common Name	Oil Contents (%)	Campesterol	Stigmasterol	β-Sitosterol	α-Spinasterol	Δ7-Stigmasterol	Δ7-Avenasterol	Δ5-Avenasterol	Total Sterols	Analytical Technique Used	Reference
Caraway	8.14	38.8 ^a	160.3 ^a	240.2 ^a	19.8 ^a	29.3 ^a	46.4 ^a	n.d.	570.3 ^a	GC-MS	[18]
	19.8	61.1 ^a	79.1 ^a	226.6 ^a	n.d.	10.7 ^a	8.8 ^a	0.8 ^a	405 ^a	GC-MS	[30]
	18.9	31.7 ^a	245.4 ^a	244.9 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	23.7 ^a	87.1 ^a	739.4 ^a	GC-FID	[16]
Coriander	13.3	49.0 ^a	109.6 ^a	177.6 ^a	18.3 ^a	70.3 ^a	24.3 ^a	n.d.	468.8 ^a	GC-MS	[18]
	22.1	36.6 ^a	118.0 ^a	100.9 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	15.2 ^a	54.4 ^a	358.4 ^a	GC-FID	[16]
	19.2	44.4 ^a	136.9 ^a	231.4 ^a	n.d.	106.4 ^a	26.9 ^a	21.0 ^a	629 ^a	GC-MS	[17]
	-	50.8 ^a	154.8 ^a	146.4 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	24.4 ^a	123.5 a	518.6 ^a	GC-FID	[21]
Cumin	26.8	214 ^a	73.3 ^a	104.1 ^a	n.d.	14.0 ^a	5.4 ^a	11.5 ^a	426 ^a	GC-MS	[30]
Fennel	7.89	35.0 ^a	172.5 ^a	140.2 ^a	19.7 ^a	53.0 ^a	30.9 ^a	n.d.	492.4 ^a	GC-MS	[18]
	20.1 ^c	49 ^a	223 ^a	161 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	18 ^a	6 ^a	464 ^a	GC-FID	[19]
	-	9.0 ^b	57.6 ^b	48.8 ^b	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	40.9 ^b	156.3 ^b	GC-FID	[20]
Anise	5.98	67.7 ^a	206.9 ^a	211.6 ^a	206.2 ^a	140.4 ^a	47.0 ^a	n.d.	903.9 ^a	GC-MS	[18]
	24.1 ^c	119 ^a	118 ^a	238 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	9 ^a	3 ^a	385 ^a	GC-FID	[19]
	5.4	91.1 ^a	67.9 ^a	626.4 ^a	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	849.9 ^a	GC-FID	[16]

^a (mg/100 g oil); ^b (mg/100 g seeds); ^c highest oil yield utilizing Folch method. GC-FID: gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID); GC-MS: GC-mass spectrometry. Campesterol (ergost-5-en-3 β-ol; CAS 474-62-4), stigmasterol (Δ5-Stigmasterol; stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol; CAS 83-48-7), β-sitosterol (stigmast-5-en-3β-ol; CAS 83-46-5), α-spinasterol ((22E)-stigmasta-7,22-dien-3ß-ol; CAS 481-18-5)), Δ7-stigmasterol (Stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol; CAS 481-19-6), Δ7-avenasterol (Stigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol; CAS 23290-26-8), and Δ5-avenasterol (stigmasta-5,24-dien-3β-ol; CAS 18472-36-1).