Table 3.
Concentration (µg/L) of volatile compounds of Area 1 Corvina wines.
| Yeast 1 | Yeast 2 | Yeast 3 | Yeast 4 | Spontaneous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | |
| Alcohols | |||||
| 1-Butanol | 371.05 ± 14.63 | 241.87 ± 9.91 | 186.51 ± 6.10 | 241.95 ± 3.30 | 146.94 ± 2.74 |
| 2-Butanol | 4090.42 ± 127.27 | 4366.08 ± 114.18 | 7199.53 ± 88.06 | 4483.68 ± 86.56 | 4814.56 ± 106.43 |
| 1-Pentanol | 41.94 ± 2.13 | 44.76 ± 0.83 | 46.75 ± 2.60 | 46.35 ± 3.87 | 52.11 ± 0.41 |
| Isoamyl alcohol (mg/L) | 260.1 ± 5.16 | 270.95 ± 10.67 | 294.79 ± 1.93 | 256.68 ± 4.26 | 123.5 ± 0.57 |
| Phenylethyl alcohol (mg/L) | 24.75 ± 0.92 | 17.69 ± 0.4 | 20.82 ± 0.61 | 23.56 ± 2.11 | 9.50 ± 0.15 |
| Methionol | 105.27 ± 4.96 | 84.92 ± 5.44 | 123.47 ± 14.62 | 143.71 ± 3.83 | 33.01 ± 1.29 |
| C6 alcohols | |||||
| 1-Hexanol | 954.18 ± 9.50 | 948.77 ± 8.58 | 902.40 ± 8.26 | 853.42 ± 15.13 | 768.00 ± 24.98 |
| trans-3-Hexen-1-ol | 9.30 ± 0.02 | 9.92 ± 0.94 | 10.55 ± 0.59 | 11.07 ± 0.26 | 6.79 ± 0.35 |
| cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | 43.27 ± 1.94 | 40.99 ± 0.93 | 44.51 ± 1.95 | 39.98 ± 1.09 | 40.64 ± 1.39 |
| cis-2-Hexen-1-ol | 18.26 ± 0.17 | 15.85 ± 0.70 | 16.41 ± 1.18 | 16.84 ± 0.79 | 16.23 ± 1.92 |
| Acetate esters | |||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 287.14 ± 4.84 | 417.00 ± 6.83 | 365.18 ± 25.42 | 342.91 ± 3.76 | 663.35 ± 12.79 |
| n-Hexyl acetate | 19.11 ± 0.08 | 51.72 ± 2.94 | 18.96 ± 0.12 | 17.36 ± 0.36 | 23.57 ± 1.29 |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 23.91 ± 2.09 | 18.75 ± 0.72 | 19.87 ± 0.37 | 23.83 ± 2.04 | 44.81 ± 0.71 |
| Ethyl acetate (mg/L) | 58.49 ± 2.7 | 83.66 ± 5.86 | 64.52 ± 7.29 | 41.86 ± 1.93 | 128.73 ± 3.26 |
| Branched-chain fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 3.41 ± 0.12 | 2.73 ± 1.39 | 3.38 ± 0.01 | 3.17 ± 0.23 | 0.90 ± 0.14 |
| Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 2.57 ± 0.01 | 2.95 ± 0.19 | 2.73 ± 0.08 | 2.79 ± 0.21 | 1.05 ± 0.07 |
| Fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl butanoate | 260.10 ± 29.42 | 422.74 ± 22.32 | 251.05 ± 11.19 | 184.12 ± 0.15 | 95.45 ± 1.34 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 361.31 ± 15.52 | 555.12 ± 23.57 | 414.17 ± 24.71 | 271.97 ± 11.41 | 176.53 ± 5.61 |
| Ethyl octanoate | 171.19 ± 15.40 | 309.87 ± 24.84 | 247.56 ± 2.04 | 148.21 ± 7.71 | 89.70 ± 3.05 |
| Ethyl lactate | 225.35 ± 7.00 | 236.10 ± 20.09 | 284.54 ± 2.35 | 203.32 ± 12.91 | 359.76 ± 0.62 |
| Ethyl decanoate | 65.28 ± 5.73 | 42.70 ± 1.45 | 45.31 ± 2.35 | 14.25 ± 1.29 | 17.94 ± 0.08 |
| Other esters | |||||
| Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate | 148.56 ± 7.57 | 247.18 ± 15.42 | 227.89 ± 12.49 | 139.87 ± 6.30 | 78.60 ± 2.91 |
| Ethyl 2-hydroxyhexanoate | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 1.23 ± 0.16 | 1.52 ± 0.10 | 1.01 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.01 |
| Fatty acids | |||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 424.86 ± 19.17 | 310.26 ± 9.60 | 439.13 ± 20.92 | 414.41 ± 11.50 | 547.27 ± 5.76 |
| Hexanoic acid | 1824.83 ± 50.37 | 2973.50 ± 117.13 | 2209.76 ± 14.81 | 1509.15 ± 23.80 | 941.09 ± 29.54 |
| Octanoic acid | 3537.02 ± 193.32 | 4631.18 ± 308.33 | 4100.89 ± 2.94 | 3219.52 ± 27.57 | 2216.20 ± 164.18 |
| Terpenoids | |||||
| cis-Linaloloxide | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.68 ± 0.03 |
| trans-Linaloloxide | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.13 | 0.62 ± 0.04 |
| Linalool | 5.76 ± 1.00 | 6.98 ± 0.42 | 5.81 ± 0.36 | 5.07 ± 0.13 | 5.06 ± 0.10 |
| Geraniol | 2.23 ± 0.13 | 3.50 ± 0.69 | 3.35 ± 0.62 | 2.67 ± 0.14 | 3.01 ± 0.32 |
| α-Terpineol | 3.50 ± 0.00 | 3.90 ± 0.52 | 2.82 ± 0.33 | 3.22 ± 0.13 | 2.81 ± 0.40 |
| β-Citronellol | 26.76 ± 3.07 | 8.57 ± 1.70 | 13.30 ± 1.49 | 16.31 ± 0.43 | 15.69 ± 1.77 |
| α-Phellandrene | 3.35 ± 0.27 | 3.66 ± 0.16 | 3.16 ± 0.06 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 3.20 ± 0.14 |
| α-Terpinen | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
| β-Myrcene | 4.36 ± 0.35 | 5.65 ± 0.35 | 3.89 ± 0.23 | 2.83 ± 0.04 | 4.80 ± 1.10 |
| Limonene | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.63 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.16 |
| 1,4-Cineole | nd | nd | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
| p-Cymene | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.01 |
| Terpinolene | 0.47 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.04 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 1.21 ± 0.15 | 14.11 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.07 |
| Norisoprenoids | |||||
| β-Damascenone | 8.33 ± 1.56 | 8.38 ± 1.17 | 5.09 ± 0.30 | 6.87 ± 0.16 | 6.01 ± 0.81 |
| 3-Hydroxy-β-damascone | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.01 |
| Vitispirane | 3.45 ± 0.21 | 3.88 ± 0.18 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 3.62 ± 0.02 | 3.10 ± 0.99 |
| TPB | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| TDN | 0.73 ± 0.03 | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.07 |
| Benzenoids and others | |||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 279.52 ± 13.31 | 296.78 ± 13.09 | 316.75 ± 7.83 | 307.61 ± 26.40 | 251.22 ± 11.33 |
| Vanillin | 5.50 ± 0.00 | 5.52 ± 0.12 | 5.43 ± 0.15 | 5.54 ± 0.16 | 2.00 ± 0.07 |
| Ethyl vanillate | 127.88 ± 5.50 | 119.02 ± 3.81 | 123.33 ± 3.86 | 124.45 ± 2.86 | 126.81 ± 5.37 |
| Methyl vanillate | 5.46 ± 0.20 | 8.72 ± 0.63 | 5.17 ± 0.76 | 6.23 ± 0.23 | 5.49 ± 0.52 |
| Benzaldehyde | 16.14 ± 1.19 | 20.31 ± 1.63 | 16.66 ± 0.59 | 17.85 ± 0.70 | 70.95 ± 7.71 |
| Eugenol | 7.01 ± 0.04 | 7.32 ± 0.02 | 7.26 ± 0.00 | 7.14 ± 0.22 | 6.45 ± 0.49 |
| Methyl salicylate | 0.99 ± 0.16 | 1.12 ± 0.31 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.07 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 5.30 ± 0.55 | 5.42 ± 0.37 | 6.29 ± 0.16 | 6.39 ± 0.18 | 5.02 ± 0.16 |
| Furfural | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 1.24 ± 0.09 | 1.89 ± 0.00 | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 0.69 ± 0.04 |
| γ-Decalactone | 2.36 ± 0.16 | 2.41 ± 0.13 | 2.27 ± 0.00 | 2.73 ± 0.01 | 2.15 ± 0.19 |
| δ-Decalactone | 32.99 ± 2.51 | 31.19 ± 1.33 | 28.78 ± 1.27 | 30.24 ± 3.59 | 23.71 ± 2.13 |
Nd means not detected. TPB is short for (E)-1-(2,3,6-Trimethylphenyl)-buta-1,3-diene. TDN is short for 1,6,-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene.