Table 4.
Concentration (µg/L) and standard deviation (± µg/L) of volatile compounds of Area 2 Corvina wines.
| Yeast 1 | Yeast 2 | Yeast 3 | Yeast 4 | Spontaneous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | |
| Alcohols | |||||
| 1-Butanol | 441.60 ± 12.31 | 220.49 ± 9.52 | 190.27 ± 8.34 | 205.29 ± 9.91 | 290.30 ± 14.21 |
| 2-Butanol | 3487.83 ± 19.06 | 4174.76 ± 194.86 | 4787.57 ± 1.14 | 3691.44 ± 374.75 | 5230.78 ± 139.41 |
| 1-Pentanol | 36.54 ± 3.17 | 46.36 ± 2.33 | 47.77 ± 6.75 | 43.88 ± 3.17 | 53.30 ± 16.89 |
| Isoamyl alcohol (mg/L) | 224.67 ± 6.78 | 229.71 ± 18.30 | 223.20 ± 16.50 | 207.07 ± 31.67 | 230.41 ± 52.37 |
| Phenylethyl alcohol (mg/L) | 23.78 ± 0.78 | 21.43 ± 0.24 | 21.91 ± 0.45 | 21.16 ± 0.71 | 22.77 ± 0.71 |
| Methionol | 102.96 ± 3.90 | 98.07 ± 9.43 | 127.90 ± 5.51 | 153.40 ± 17.46 | 162.44 ± 107.20 |
| C6 alcohols | |||||
| 1-Hexanol | 838.43 ± 25.46 | 781.33 ± 10.08 | 712.71 ± 4.66 | 798.18 ± 16.11 | 763.07 ± 26.74 |
| trans-3-Hexen-1-ol | 7.30 ± 0.41 | 7.90 ± 0.24 | 6.53 ± 0.43 | 7.31 ± 0.42 | 6.82 ± 1.25 |
| cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | 38.18 ± 3.79 | 39.27 ± 1.43 | 34.32 ± 0.60 | 38.98 ± 1.32 | 39.13 ± 4.83 |
| cis-2-Hexen-1-ol | 16.33 ± 1.27 | 16.70 ± 0.50 | 15.82 ± 0.24 | 16.70 ± 0.08 | 16.24 ± 0.14 |
| Acetate esters | |||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 201.22 ± 3.98 | 310.27 ± 1.60 | 305.31 ± 3.94 | 302.26 ± 18.75 | 342.06 ± 165.76 |
| n-Hexyl acetate | 20.18 ± 1.35 | 38.97 ± 1.15 | 22.50 ± 2.48 | 22.36 ± 1.57 | 32.38 ± 3.58 |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 22.27 ± 0.41 | 25.38 ± 1.02 | 22.87 ± 1.31 | 14.91 ± 2.82 | 19.87 ± 0.33 |
| Ethyl acetate (mg/L) | 51.97 ± 5.39 | 62.89 ± 7.08 | 52.04 ± 0.48 | 48.51 ± 1.12 | 153.00 ± 14.63 |
| Branched-chain fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 3.50 ± 0.09 | 3.86 ± 0.68 | 3.99 ± 0.11 | 2.22 ± 0.13 | 1.80 ± 0.33 |
| Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 4.07 ± 0.08 | 3.96 ± 0.09 | 4.08 ± 0.21 | 3.83 ± 0.10 | 3.97 ± 0.08 |
| Fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl butanoate | 232.99 ± 3.66 | 244.30 ± 3.06 | 170.31 ± 6.74 | 160.74 ± 7.11 | 172.36 ± 21.39 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 342.78 ± 2.55 | 391.36 ± 10.20 | 280.57 ± 14.14 | 232.48 ± 3.34 | 265.86 ± 95.90 |
| Ethyl octanoate | 232.65 ± 16.50 | 296.96 ± 3.34 | 201.46 ± 6.02 | 152.80 ± 1.60 | 182.44 ± 49.89 |
| Ethyl lactate | 244.39 ± 18.96 | 246.63 ± 7.59 | 236.89 ± 3.22 | 193.08 ± 7.44 | 336.42 ± 28.96 |
| Ethyl decanoate | 70.89 ± 1.82 | 82.04 ± 7.63 | 56.46 ± 3.37 | 29.78 ± 6.25 | 36.49 ± 4.51 |
| Other esters | |||||
| Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate | 105.64 ± 6.74 | 134.61 ± 0.52 | 65.35 ± 0.66 | 77.05 ± 16.40 | 83.53 ± 2.35 |
| Ethyl 2-hydroxyhexanoate | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.43 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.24 |
| Fatty acids | |||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 318.40 ± 7.15 | 328.26 ± 33.71 | 388.00 ± 3.51 | 319.32 ± 21.51 | 269.95 ± 123.81 |
| Hexanoic acid | 2030.04 ± 44.08 | 1844.35 ± 46.25 | 1451.38 ± 138.40 | 1316.03 ± 152.40 | 1338.87 ± 293.02 |
| Octanoic acid | 4261.98 ± 68.70 | 3990.88 ± 62.36 | 3355.84 ± 49.80 | 3190.36 ± 183.16 | 3272.96 ± 553.04 |
| Terpenoids | |||||
| cis-Linaloloxide | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
| trans-Linaloloxide | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
| Linalool | 6.45 ± 0.63 | 12.31 ± 0.06 | 10.42 ± 0.35 | 10.16 ± 0.02 | 8.81 ± 0.21 |
| Geraniol | 2.81 ± 0.11 | 4.25 ± 0.16 | 3.03 ± 0.06 | 3.21 ± 0.21 | 3.02 ± 0.49 |
| α-Terpineol | 5.21 ± 0.01 | 10.13 ± 0.52 | 6.46 ± 0.33 | 4.42 ± 0.26 | 3.98 ± 0.16 |
| β-Citronellol | 14.28 ± 0.25 | 10.02 ± 0.18 | 9.40 ± 0.81 | 9.18 ± 0.39 | 9.02 ± 1.48 |
| α-Phellandrene | 5.70 ± 0.23 | 10.37 ± 0.98 | 5.92 ± 0.57 | 6.62 ± 0.26 | 6.70 ± 0.28 |
| α-Terpinen | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.68 ± 0.54 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
| β-Myrcene | 7.31 ± 0.43 | 13.46 ± 1.27 | 7.69 ± 0.74 | 8.59 ± 0.34 | 8.70 ± 0.36 |
| Limonene | 1.38 ± 0.05 | 2.51 ± 0.14 | 1.36 ± 0.11 | 1.46 ± 0.10 | 1.26 ± 0.02 |
| 1,4-Cineole | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
| p-Cymene | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.10 |
| Terpinolene | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 1.64 ± 0.23 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.75 ± 0.05 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 1.23 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 2.44 ± 0.20 | 1.59 ± 0.18 | 1.16 ± 1.12 |
| Norisoprenoids | |||||
| β-Damascenone | 3.34 ± 0.13 | 5.00 ± 0.26 | 2.81 ± 0.16 | 2.89 ± 0.13 | 2.23 ± 0.20 |
| 3-Hydroxy-β-damascone | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.08 |
| Vitispirane | 1.83 ± 0.08 | 4.01 ± 0.18 | 1.59 ± 0.07 | 1.56 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.21 |
| TPB | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| TDN | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.75 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.00 |
| Benzenoids and others | |||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 199.41 ± 1.32 | 223.31 ± 21.96 | 193.43 ± 0.15 | 233.75 ± 2.73 | 256.88 ± 5.20 |
| Vanillin | 4.97 ± 0.02 | 4.97 ± 0.06 | 4.90 ± 0.19 | 4.87 ± 0.15 | 4.88 ± 0.14 |
| Ethyl vanillate | 135.24 ± 4.24 | 143.78 ± 4.97 | 137.46 ± 5.40 | 140.60 ± 7.06 | 143.45 ± 4.02 |
| Methyl vanillate | 4.71 ± 0.10 | 6.05 ± 0.60 | 5.92 ± 0.39 | 6.00 ± 0.80 | 4.39 ± 0.20 |
| Benzaldehyde | 15.42 ± 0.74 | 15.45 ± 0.39 | 15.60 ± 0.86 | 16.59 ± 1.25 | 15.47 ± 1.19 |
| Eugenol | 6.55 ± 0.35 | 6.28 ± 0.01 | 5.46 ± 0.01 | 5.14 ± 0.17 | 6.00 ± 0.02 |
| Methyl salicylate | 3.64 ± 0.07 | 5.73 ± 0.09 | 2.32 ± 0.05 | 2.99 ± 0.08 | 2.35 ± 0.17 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 6.51 ± 0.01 | 6.57 ± 0.69 | 5.51 ± 0.16 | 5.30 ± 0.45 | 5.78 ± 0.89 |
| Furfural | 1.68 ± 0.11 | 2.06 ± 0.35 | 1.54 ± 0.08 | 1.43 ± 0.12 | 1.53 ± 0.13 |
| γ-Decalactone | 2.60 ± 0.14 | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 2.36 ± 0.15 | 2.44 ± 0.07 | 2.26 ± 0.01 |
| δ-Decalactone | 25.14 ± 8.63 | 21.78 ± 2.94 | 25.17 ± 3.28 | 23.91 ± 0.01 | 23.58 ± 1.71 |
Nd means not detected. TPB is short for (E)-1-(2,3,6-Trimethylphenyl)-buta-1,3-diene. TDN is short for 1,6,-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene.