Table 5.
Concentration (µg/L) of volatile compounds of Area 1 Corvinone withered wines.
| Yeast 1 | Yeast 2 | Yeast 3 | Yeast 4 | Spontaneous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | |
| Alcohols | |||||
| 1-Butanol | 326.74 ± 172.01 | 228.80 ± 28.38 | 158.29 ± 15.66 | 100.38 ± 4.53 | 141.27 ± 17.97 |
| 2-Butanol | 5643.65 ± 610.53 | 4982.00 ± 428.99 | 5859.68 ± 54.54 | 3285.67 ± 159.30 | 10321.02 ± 654.72 |
| 1-Pentanol | 48.14 ± 0.59 | 43.09 ± 3.20 | 46.67 ± 7.15 | 59.99 ± 4.31 | 42.16 ± 1.04 |
| Isoamyl alcohol (mg/L) | 254.28 ± 83.86 | 27.14 ± 10.10 | 28.44 ± 27.64 | 200.64 ± 13.64 | 179.62 ± 7.03 |
| Phenylethyl alcohol (mg/L) | 21.33 ± 0.99 | 19.42 ± 0.03 | 19.27 ± 2.09 | 20.95 ± 0.99 | 14671 ± 1.35 |
| Methionol | 221.98 ± 5.51 | 135.32 ± 28.73 | 222.60 ± 31.58 | 389.66 ± 73.67 | 51.24 ± 15.38 |
| C6 alcohols | |||||
| 1-Hexanol | 2020.95 ± 110.53 | 1940.31 ± 3.38 | 1737.24 ± 135.60 | 1701.42 ± 125.04 | 1710.03 ± 34.29 |
| trans-3-Hexen-1-ol | 27.90 ± 1.53 | 27.90 ± 0.91 | 29.85 ± 0.43 | 25.66 ± 1.57 | 17.26 ± 3.01 |
| cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | 17.83 ± 0.05 | 20.29 ± 1.92 | 19.81 ± 1.68 | 18.76 ± 1.36 | 19.12 ± 4.82 |
| cis-2-Hexen-1-ol | 16.54 ± 0.03 | 15.05 ± 0.83 | 14.73 ± 0.55 | 16.21 ± 0.88 | 15.78 ± 1.07 |
| Acetate esters | |||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 382.14 ± 9.68 | 707.32 ± 20.52 | 482.77 ± 29.00 | 258.90 ± 31.35 | 547.90 ± 4.36 |
| n-Hexyl acetate | 17.77 ± 0.84 | 14.17 ± 1.07 | 8.98 ± 0.74 | 12.35 ± 2.60 | 11.60 ± 0.49 |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 35.58 ± 0.69 | 29.21 ± 0.07 | 25.74 ± 1.08 | 24.61 ± 1.47 | 42.36 ± 1.78 |
| Ethyl acetate (mg/L) | 64.37 ± 10.73 | 101.32 ± 11.63 | 62.12 ± 15.22 | 44.99 ± 1.17 | 159.83 ± 0.86 |
| Branched-chain fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 1.80 ± 0.35 | 3.57 ± 0.21 | 2.46 ± 0.31 | 1.21 ± 0.21 | 0.89 ± 0.16 |
| Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 3.13 ± 0.01 | 3.10 ± 0.16 | 3.22 ± 0.13 | 3.06 ± 0.09 | 3.19 ± 0.10 |
| Fatty acids ethyl esters | |||||
| Ethyl butanoate | 159.71 ± 5.76 | 206.20 ± 1.07 | 184.08 ± 12.60 | 168.03 ± 9.72 | 125.35 ± 16.24 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 288.88 ± 34.73 | 441.20 ± 3.88 | 371.86 ± 22.02 | 294.37 ± 1.03 | 136.72 ± 21.62 |
| Ethyl octanoate | 130.27 ± 11.62 | 204.82 ± 17.71 | 182.78 ± 16.91 | 117.46 ± 7.09 | 63.44 ± 3.55 |
| Ethyl lactate | 467.73 ± 59.32 | 685.54 ± 32.99 | 502.66 ± 4.44 | 415.45 ± 8.14 | 1047.19 ± 10.42 |
| Ethyl decanoate | 31.85 ± 2.35 | 45.66 ± 2.81 | 54.99 ± 2.70 | 29.99 ± 3.01 | 6.92 ± 1.84 |
| Other esters | |||||
| Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate | 219.48 ± 14.79 | 291.85 ± 20.39 | 373.57 ± 19.01 | 169.63 ± 3.90 | 36.88 ± 0.49 |
| Ethyl 2-hydroxyhexanoate | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 1.36 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.09 |
| Fatty acids | |||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 323.93 ± 49.67 | 364.47 ± 17.78 | 486.21 ± 29.49 | 253.57 ± 14.10 | 363.79 ± 279.85 |
| Hexanoic acid | 1882.76 ± 89.07 | 2938.93 ± 68.25 | 2359.40 ± 124.09 | 1986.87 ± 33.29 | 1022.20 ± 80.26 |
| Octanoic acid | 3576.79 ± 173.28 | 4432.38 ± 27.19 | 4197.55 ± 25.65 | 3798.66 ± 22.14 | 1735.40 ± 831.93 |
| Terpenoids | |||||
| cis-Linaloloxide | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 1.24 |
| trans-Linaloloxide | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.26 |
| Linalool | 4.36 ± 0.19 | 5.06 ± 0.50 | 4.49 ± 0.30 | 1.55 ± 0.07 | 5.05 ± 0.25 |
| Geraniol | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 1.14 ± 0.26 | 1.15 ± 0.21 | 1.32 ± 0.17 | 1.10 ± 0.17 |
| α-Terpineol | 3.19 ± 0.57 | 3.57 ± 0.53 | 4.06 ± 0.67 | 3.37 ± 0.04 | 3.39 ± 0.11 |
| β-Citronellol | 5.62 ± 1.79 | 4.58 ± 0.16 | 7.25 ± 0.38 | 3.68 ± 0.04 | 3.53 ± 0.64 |
| α-Phellandrene | 1.08 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.07 | 1.74 ± 0.17 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 2.19 ± 0.42 |
| α-Terpinen | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
| β-Myrcene | 1.40 ± 0.03 | 1.80 ± 0.09 | 2.26 ± 0.23 | 2.64 ± 0.11 | 2.85 ± 0.54 |
| Limonene | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.08 |
| 1,4-Cineole | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd |
| 1,8-Cineole | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| p-Cymene | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.03 |
| Terpinolene | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.02 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.06 |
| Norisoprenoids | |||||
| β-Damascenone | 5.46 ± 0.07 | 5.45 ± 0.92 | 10.30 ± 0.28 | 7.93 ± 1.32 | 9.07 ± 0.06 |
| 3-Hydroxy-β-damascone | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
| Vitispirane | 9.77 ± 0.66 | 10.79 ± 1.84 | 11.99 ± 3.46 | 16.45 ± 0.47 | 13.37 ± 0.69 |
| TPB | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 |
| TDN | 1.81 ± 0.01 | 1.76 ± 0.37 | 3.69 ± 0.21 | 3.70 ± 0.01 | 2.78 ± 0.42 |
| Benzenoids and others | |||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 45.93 ± 4.19 | 35.16 ± 1.95 | 44.49 ± 2.60 | 56.89 ± 5.24 | 72.90 ± 2.55 |
| Vanillin | 6.06 ± 0.25 | 5.94 ± 0.22 | 5.94 ± 0.06 | 5.88 ± 0.17 | 6.04 ± 0.08 |
| Ethyl vanillate | 182.83 ± 18.82 | 172.96 ± 1.77 | 189.04 ± 7.86 | 170.44 ± 4.26 | 191.00 ± 20.58 |
| Methyl vanillate | 11.69 ± 0.74 | 9.33 ± 0.24 | 14.28 ± 1.34 | 11.61 ± 0.53 | 12.30 ± 0.12 |
| Benzaldehyde | 14.50 ± 0.22 | 14.30 ± 0.19 | 15.03 ± 0.21 | 14.75 ± 0.00 | 14.60 ± 0.14 |
| Eugenol | 1.90 ± 0.01 | 1.88 ± 0.13 | 2.01 ± 0.28 | 1.88 ± 0.11 | 1.88 ± 0.11 |
| Methyl salicylate | 1.52 ± 0.18 | 1.57 ± 0.25 | 3.92 ± 0.01 | 3.05 ± 0.06 | 2.48 ± 0.12 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 5.28 ± 0.06 | 5.07 ± 0.12 | 4.83 ± 0.37 | 5.04 ± 0.39 | 6.11 ± 0.27 |
| Furfural | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 1.04 ± 0.72 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.04 | 0.63 ± 0.15 |
| γ-Decalactone | 2.47 ± 0.17 | 3.30 ± 0.28 | 3.09 ± 0.32 | 2.32 ± 0.11 | 2.34 ± 0.02 |
| δ-Decalactone | 17.63 ± 3.57 | 23.47 ± 2.17 | 20.19 ± 1.21 | 18.71 ± 0.62 | 14.87 ± 0.81 |
Nd means not detected. TPB is short for (E)-1-(2,3,6-Trimethylphenyl)-buta-1,3-diene. TDN is short for 1,6,-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene.