. 2021 Oct 18;18(20):10951. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010951

Table 6.

Difference in weight and height gain from birth to different years of ages and at different age intervals using the multiple linear regression models.

			Total		Male		Female
			Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
Variables	Mean Score	Exposure	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Weight gain
Birth–1 year (g)	5298.9 ± 1770.4	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–1 year (g)	5421.1 ± 1713	HDP	122.2(−135.1379.5)	83.2 (−182.9, 349.4)	184.3 (−175.6, 544.2)	136.4 (−245.3, 518.1)	30.5 (−332.2, 393.3)	30.0 (−341.1, 401.1)
Birth–2 year (kg)	7.50 ± 2.0	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–2 year (kg)	7.50 ± 1.2	HDP	0.00(−0.30, 0.31)	−0.002 (−0.33, 0.32)	0.10 (−0.21, 0.41)	0.13 (−0.20, 0.45)	−0.13 (−0.67, 0.40)	−0.15 (−0.71, 0.41)
Birth–4 year (kg)	10.77 ± 1.46	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–4 year (kg)	10.71 ± 1.58	HDP	−0.06 (−0.31, 0.18)	−0.02 (−0.27, 0.22)	0.03 (−0.31, 0.36)	0.11 (−0.24, 0.46)	−0.16 (−0.50, 0.16)	−0.15 (−0.49, 0.20)
Birth–7 year (kg)	19.62 ± 3.89	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–7 year (kg)	20.04 ± 4.40	HDP	0.42 (−0.29, 1.13)	0.46 (−0.25, 1.17)	1.17 (0.12, 2.21) *	1.12 (0.16, 2.30) *	−0.36 (−1.31, 0.59)	−0.29 (−1.22, 0.65)
1 year–2 year (kg)	2.17 ± 2.26 ^†	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
1 year–2 year (kg)	1.86 ± 1.21	HDP	−0.31 (−0.66, 0.04) ^†	−0.28 (−0.65, 0.08)	−0.24 (−0.66, 0.18)	−0.17 (−0.61, 0.27)	−0.39 (−0.96, 0.18)	−0.37 (−0.96, 0.21)
2 year–4 year (kg)	3.27 ± 2.03	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
2 year–4 year (kg)	3.25 ± 0.79	HDP	−0.02 (−0.35, 0.32)	0..01 (−0.35, 0.37)	−0.05 (−0.25, 0.14)	−0.03 (−0.24, 0.18)	0.02 (−0.64, 0.68)	0.06 (−0.63, 0.75)
4 year–7 year (kg)	8.78 ± 3.68	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
4 year–7 year (kg)	9.27 ± 3.42	HDP	0.49 (−0.20, 1.18)	0.47 (−0.24, 1.18)	1.04 (0.20, 1.87) *	1.12 (0.28, 1.96) **	−0.10 (−1.23, 1.02)	−0.19 (−1.34, 0.95)
Height gain
Birth–1 year (cm)	20.82 ± 6.72	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–1 year (cm)	21.57 ± 6.17	HDP	0.76 (−0.22, 1.73)	0.58 (−0.43, 1.60)	1.32 (−0.03, 2.67) ^†	1.04 (−0.39, 2.47)	0.09 (−1.31, 1.50)	0.12 (−1.32, 1.56)
Birth–2 year (cm)	31.26 ± 2.79	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–2 year (cm)	31.50 ± 2.68	HDP	0.23 (−0.19, 0.66)	0.23 (−0.20, 0.67)	0.52 (−0.07, 1.11) ^†	0.57 (−0.04, 1.19) ^†	−0.13 (−0.75, 0.49)	−0.11 (−0.74, 0.51)
Birth–4 year (cm)	44.21 ± 3.50	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–4 year (cm)	44.25 ± 3.14	HDP	0.05 (−0.53, 0.62)	0.06 (−0.54, 0.65)	0.27 (−0.52, 1.05)	0.32 (−0.50, 1.15)	−0.17 (−1.01, 0.66)	−0.20 (−1.05, 0.65)
Birth–7 year (cm)	70.78 ± 5.32	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
Birth–7 year (cm)	70.69 ± 4.81	HDP	−0.09 (−1.06, 0.88)	−0.11 (−1.09, 0.87)	0.82 (−0.53, 2.17)	0.66 (−0.73, 2.06)	−1.02 (−2.41, 0.36)	−0.83 (−2.21, 0.55)
1 year–2 year (cm)	10.33 ± 6.39 *	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
1 year–2 year (cm)	9.16 ± 4.32	HDP	−1.17 (−2.16, −0.18) *	−0.97 (−2.0, 0.06) ^†	−1.21 (−2.58, 0.15) ^†	−0.92 (−2.37, 0.53)	−1.11 (−2.55, 0.34)	−0.99 (−2.45, 0.48)
2 year–4 year (cm)	12.96 ± 2.27	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
2 year–4 year (cm)	12.71 ± 1.81	HDP	−0.25 (−0.62, 0.13)	−0.28 (−0.68, 0.11)	−0.31 (−0.80, 0.18)	−0.39 (−0.91. 0.13)	−0.18 (−0.76, 0.40)	−0.19 (−0.79, 0.40)
4 year–7 year (cm)	26.38 ± 4.36	Non-HDP	Reference		Reference		Reference
4 year–7 year (cm)	26.22 ± 3.03	HDP	−0.16 (−0.98, 0.66)	−0.19 (−1.02, 0.63)	0.22 (−0.99, 1.43)	0.18 (−1.08, 1.45)	−0.56 (−1.66, 0.53)	−0.56 (−1.63, 0.50)

^†p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, Confidence interval 95%, Adjusted covariates: Child age at measurement, child sex, maternal age, maternal pre pregnancy BMI, parity, smoking during first trimester, alcohol during first trimester; For stratified analysis, sex was excluded from adjusted covariates.