(A) Raw images showing field of view (24 μm × 24 μm) with immobilised biotin promoter fragment bound to labelled RNAP complexes formed in presence of Myx (left), and with remaining immobilised hexahistidine-tagged RNAP holoenzyme complexes bound to Cy3-labelled promoter fragment, formed in presence of Myx, after addition of heparin (right). (B) Mean number of localisations per field of view for single Cy3-labelled promoter fragments bound to immobilised hexahistidine-tagged RNAP holoenzyme, formed in presence of Myx, before and after addition of heparin. Mean number of localisations are average of three measurements. Error bars represent the standard deviation from the mean. (C) Hidden Markov model (HMM)-assigned histograms and Gaussian fits of fluorescence intensities corresponding to pre-unwinding (yellow) and post-unwinding (green) states for promoter fragments with Cy3 on +2 position of the non-template strand (top) or –9 position of the template strand (bottom) of the promoter bubble. Mean intensities for the two states and fold-increase of intensities are shown (inset). (D) Histogram and Gaussian fit of E* showing mean E* values for clamp conformational state for clamp-labelled RNAP molecules bound to immobilised lacCONS-promoter fragments in presence of Myx.