Fig. 3.

Encoding of baseline HR by neurons in OFC and dACC. (A and B) Schematics of recording locations in OFC (Left) and dACC (Right). Recording locations are plotted on the ventral view (OFC) or dorsal view (dACC) of a standard macaque brain. A-P distances (in millimeters) from the ear canal are shown. Larger symbols indicate increasing numbers of HR-coding neurons in the decision period. (C and D) Examples of HR coding neurons in OFC (C) and dACC (D). To visualize neuronal modulation by baseline HR, firing rate is plotted separately for those trials with low baseline HR (Low HR) and high baseline HR (High HR). Top and bottom panels show raster plots and peristimulus time histograms aligned to the timing of onset of first stimulus (Left), onset of second stimulus (Center), and reward delivery (Right). Colors indicate the reward condition (Top) and baseline HR (Bottom). Gray areas indicate the 1,000-ms analysis time periods; from left to right, the analysis periods correspond to fixation, decision, anticipation, and outcome. (E and F) Time course of beta coefficients from multiple linear regression including reward value (red), direction (blue), and baseline HR (green) of the neurons in C and D, respectively.