Table 1.
The input models for GSIS metamodeling
| Model (abbreviation) | Representation | Description | Scale (spatial, temporal) | Granularity (spatial, temporal) | Experimental data and prior information | Ref. and sections |
| Postprandial response (PR) | ODEs | Model of systemic postprandial change in plasma insulin and glucose levels after a meal | Body, 103 s | Organ, 101 s* | Insulin, glucose measurements | (22) 1.1† |
| Pancreas (Pa) | Linear equations | Model of insulin secretion by the entire population of β-cells in the pancreas | Organ, N/A | Cell, N/A | Microscopic examination and morphometric measurements for quantifying islets in a pancreas (87); electrical tomography and morphometric analysis for quantifying β-cells in an islet (88) | 1.2† |
| Vesicle exocytosis (VE) | Spatiotemporal | Coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulation of insulin granule trafficking, docking, and exocytosis | Cell, 10−1 s | Molecule/granule, 10−8 s | Soft X-ray tomography (21) | 1.3† |
| GSIS signaling (Sg) | Network /linear ODEs | Model of signaling pathway of GSIS | Cell, 102 s | Molecule, N/A | KEGG pathways (89); fluorescence imaging and Förster-resonance energy transfer microscopy (FRET) (90–93) | 1.4† |
| Insulin metabolism (Mb) | Network | Model of cellular metabolic pathways up-regulation or down-regulation under different treatment conditions | Cell, 102 s | Molecular concentration, N/A | Proteomic/metabolomic screens, KEGG pathways (89) | 1.5† |
| Virtual screening of GLP1R (VS) | Spatial | List of GLP1R ligands ranked by their estimated activation of GLP1R, based on structure-based virtual screening of a library of GLP1 analogs | Macromolecule, N/A | Atom, N/A | Virtual screening assay (94) based on structure-based modeling and X-ray crystallography | 1.6† |
| Glucose intake data (GI) | Time series | Rate of glucose intake after a meal | Body, 103 s | Organ, 101 s | Synthetic data derived from the glucose rate of appearance from the postprandial response model | 1.7† |
| GLP1 data (GL) | Synthetic data | GLP1R activation at different agonist levels | Macromolecule, <s | Atom, N/A | Synthetic data | 1.8† |
*
The model is continuous but trained over data obtained at 1-min resolution, with the precision on the order of seconds.
†
The model was computed here, based on prior publications, as described in SI Appendix, Supplementary Text 1, sections as marked. Ref., reference.