Fig. 5.
Discrete particle simulation results of the structured bubbling with vibration at two different time instances (A and B), showing fluid–solid transitions in particles at the base of the system. First column: Snapshots of discrete particles, marking in red the region used for the zoomed-in view in the second and third columns. Second column: Zoomed-in local solids volume fraction with arrows indicating particle velocity. Third column: Zoomed-in particle contact force normalized by particle weight. The time interval between A and B is 0.02 s, 1/10th of the vibration period. The simulated particles have properties ρp = 2,500 kg/m3 and dp = 238 μm. The vibration frequency and amplitude are 5 Hz and 8 mm, respectively. The U/Umf is 1.39.