Table 1.
Maternal characteristics at baseline
| Maternal characteristic | Controls | ALCNIC | ALC only | NIC only | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M (SD) | 95 % CI | N | M (SD) | 95 % CI | N | M (SD) | 95% CI | N | M (SD) | 95% CI | |
| Maternal age in years | 147 | 25.6 (6.1) | 24.6–26.6 | 154 | 24.6 (5.9) | 23.6–25.5 | 33 | 24.5 (5.0) | 22.7–26.3 | 167 | 24.9 (6.2) | 24.0–25.8 |
| Body weight in kg | 145 | 68.9 (18.3) | 65.9–71.9 | 154 | 63.7 (14.5) | 61.4–66.0 | 33 | 67.2 (15.6) | 61.6–72.7 | 166 | * 63.5 (14.8) | 61.2–65.8 |
| Body length in cm | 146 | 158.2 (6.9) | 157.1–159.4 | 150 | 159.6 (6.5) | 158.6–160.7 | 31 | 156.4 (7.2) | 153.8–159.1 | 165 | 158.7 (6.2) | 157.8–159.7 |
| BMI in kg/m2 | 143 | 27.4 (7.1) | 26.3–28.6 | 150 | * 25.1 (5.6) | 24.2–26.0 | 31 | 27.3 (6.0) | 25.1–29.6 | 165 | * 25.1 (5.6) | 24.3–26.0 |
| MUAC in cm | 145 | 29.2 (5.4) | 28.3–30.1 | 152 | * 27.2 (4.4) | 26.5–27.9 | 32 | 28.2 (4.5) | 26.5–29.8 | 164 | * 27.4 (4.6) | 26.7–28.1 |
| GA at enrolment in days | 147 | 126.2 (44.7) | 119.0–133.5 | 154 | * 142.7 (49.4) | 134.8–150.5 | 33 | * 154.5 (49.1) | 137.0–171.9 | 167 | 134.6 (46.2) | 127.5–141.6 |
| GDM | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||||||||
| HPT | 19 | 12 | 8 | 16 | ||||||||
| Anaemia | 60 | 61 | 20 | 68 | ||||||||
ALCNIC, smoking and alcohol-consuming mothers; ALC only, mothers-only consuming alcohol without smoking; NIC only, smoking mothers without consuming alcohol; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; GA, gestational age; N, number of participants; M, mean value; SD, standard deviation.
The values in bold represent and highlight the significant differences between the different groups.
*
significance at p-value <0.05 versus Controls.