Table 4.
Age-standardized summary exposure values (SEVs) for most-detailed risk factors in South Asian countries [6]
| Age-standardized summary exposure values (SEVs)** for most detailed risk factors (2019) — data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals* | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | Pakistan | India | Bangladesh | Nepal | Bhutan | Sri Lanka | ||||||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| Smoking | 13 (11.3–14.9) | 1.68 (1.33–2.09) | 10.5 (9.06–12.3) | 1.13 (0.935–1.36) | 17.1 (14.4–20.2) | 0.777 (0.6–1.01) | 10.8 (8.73–12.9) | 4.76 (3.83–5.82) | 6.55 (5.24–7.91) | 1.57 (1.15–2.07) | 10.7 (8.61–13) | 0.755 (0.583–0.963) |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 13.9 (11.8–16.3) | 14.5 (12.1–17.2) | 16.7 (14.4–19.1) | 13.6 (11.8–15.6) | 9.68 (8.36–11.2) | 9.66 (8.48–11.1) | 12.8 (11–15.3) | 10.5 (8.86–12.6) | 11.3 (9.43–13.7) | 10.7 (9.23–12.6) | 19.7 (17.3–22.2) | 19.2 (16.9–21.6) |
| High systolic blood pressure | 33.3 (28–38.8) | 36.4 (29.3–44) | 23.9 (22–25.8) | 24.4 (22.6–26.2) | 24 (19.6–28.7) | 28.3 (21.6–35.6) | 25.8 (21.5–30.6) | 13.7 (9.77–18.3) | 26.3 (22.5–30.8) | 21.2 (16.7–26.4) | 30.4 (24.4–36.4) | 28.5 (20.4–37.6) |
| High body mass index | 10.8 (7.31–15.2) | 14.2 (10.3–19.1) | 11.3 (8.53–14.3) | 12.3 (9.47–15.1) | 7.49 (5.03–10.4) | 9.98 (5.86–14.5) | 11 (7.53–15.2) | 11.4 (8.05–15.4) | 13.7 (9.67–18.4) | 19.4 (13.7–26.3) | 13.8 (10–18.3) | 18.9 (13.8–23.9) |
| Diet low in fruit | 72.8 (64.4–82.7) | 74 (65.8–83.1) | 95.9 (94.4–97.6) | 96.3 (94.9–97.9) | 85.2 (79.5–90.6) | 86.2 (80.9–91.8) | 66.6 (56.1–77.8) | 68.5 (58.8–79.6) | 68.6 (57.7–79.9) | 70.1 (59.1–80.5) | 73.3 (64.3–83) | 74.7 (65.9–83.9) |
| Diet low in vegetable | 83.7 (71.3–93.4) | 88 (76.1–96) | 58.6 (39.5–77.4) | 62.1 (43.7–79.9) | 88.9 (80.5–95.8) | 88 (78.2–95.6) | 64.8 (44.6–83.6) | _ | 69.7 (50.1–86.1) | 68.3 (49.2–85.1) | 70 (51.5–86.5) | 68.4 (48.8–85.8) |
| Diet low in whole grain | 99.9 (100–100) | 99.9 (99.9–100) | 72.4 (63.1–81.7) | 68.9 (59–79.2) | 56.8 (42.9–72.6 | 49.8 (33.6–69.7) | 70.5 (58.8–82.3) | 66.8 (54.5–79.9) | 71.5 (59.7–82.8) | 66.3 (51.7–80.6) | 73 (61.7–83.9) | 69.8 (58.1–81.6) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 57.5 (39.8–70.8) | 43 (23.7–60.8) | 74.8 (47.7–82.4) | 81 (48.7–88.2) | 84.3 (45.3–93.8) | 82.3 (43–92.6) | 79.7 (39.1–90.4) | _ | 61.7 (31.8–79.5) | 57.4 (26.7–76.7) | 10.3 (1.82–50.5) | 8.98 (1.43–50.4) |
| Diet high in red meat | 24 (14.7–33.7) | 24.2 (15.3–34.3) | 6.01 (3.78–8.54 | 5.55 (3.54–7.81) | 6.77 (3.93–9.94) | 6.68 (3.89–9.87) | 23.1 (13.4–33.1) | _ | 12.5 (6.98–18.8) | 12.4 (7.22–18.4) | 5.4 (3.15–7.95) | 5.31 (3.05–7.88) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverage | 34.6 (21.9–55.2) | 30.2 (18.8–49.3) | 17 (9.93–28) | 18.9 (10.6–30.6) | 31.4 (18.6–53.4) | 26.6 (15.1–46.4) | 22.6 (12.5–41.3) | 19 (10.2–36.5) | 26.4 (15.5–46.1) | 22.2 (12.8–40.8) | 24 (13.4–40.4) | 24.8 (12.6–41.7) |
| Diet low in fiber | 50.8 (35.4–65.3) | 51 (35–66.3) | 28.7 (17.3–40.9) | 28.6 (16.8–41.8) | 92 (85.4–96.9) | 92.2 (85.7–97.1) | 26.1 (14.6–38.8) | 25.8 (14.2–38.3) | 45.4 (28.8–61.4) | 45.6 (28.5–62.3) | 22.7 (12.5–34.6) | 22.3 (11.8–35.1) |
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 | 97.8 (94.1–100) | 98.3 (94.7–100) | 99.7 (99–100) | 99.8 (99.4–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 98.6 (94.7–100) | 99.3 (97.3–100 | 97.1 (91.1–100) | 97.8 (91.7–100) | 96.9 (91.3–100) | 97.9 (93.3–100) |
| Diet low in polysaturated fatty acid | 87.3 (57.5–100) | 88.1 (60.8–100) | 81.9 (49.1–100) | 83 (50.6–100) | 72.6 (34.7–100) | 74.1 (36–100) | 52.4 (17.9–92.5) | 54.7 (19.1–93.8) | 72.6 (33.5–100) | 74.1 (36–100) | 99.7 (99.7–100) | 99.7 (99.9–100) |
| Diet high in trans-fatty acid | 61.2 (51.2–99.8) | 61.4 (52.1–100) | 60.2 (50.9–99.6) | 60.8 (50.9–100) | 60.5 (50.6–99.5) | _ | 60.6 (50.6–99.6) | 60.6 (50.8–100) | 60.5 (51.2–99.6) | _ | 29.8 (18.8–98.6) | 32.3 (19.4–100) |
| Diet high in sodium | 31.6 (7.49–57.7) | 26.4 (6.23–52.1) | 43.8 (18.2–64.7) | 27.6 (7.11–51.1) | 30 (6.58–56.7) | 26.2 (5.85–52.2) | 29.9 (6.17–55.7) | 25 (5.71–49.3) | 29.9 (6.28–56.7) | 25.6 (5.79–50.7) | 49.8 (18.9–73.3) | 36.4 (8.17–62.5) |
| Low physical activity | 4.75 (2.53–8.32) | 2.76 (1.53–4.86) | 1.7 (0.801–3.67) | 2.71 (1.57–4.68) | 2.68 (1.38–5.01) | 1.69 (0.937–3.36) | 2.08 (1–4.3) | 2.54 (1.43–4.46) | 3.29 (1.74–6.08) | 3.82 (2.22–6.33) | 1.88 (0.792–4.13) | 1.22 (0.591–2.69) |
| Chewing tobacco | 14.4 (12.3–16.7) | 6.43 (4.96–7.99) | 28.8 (26.1–31.9) | 15.1 (13–17.3) | 25.3 (22.9–27.8) | 33.8 (30.5–37) | 44.9 (40.6–48.8) | 11 (8.8–13.5) | 29.2 (25.4–33.2) | 17.4 (14.3–21) | 16.8 (14.1–19.8) | 7.24 (5.69–9.17) |
| High LDL cholesterol | 26.5 (23.3–30.1) | 29.1 (25.9–32.6) | 22.6 (19.6–25.9) | 25.1 (22–28.3) | 17 (13.9–20.4) | _ | 22.7 (19.4–26.2) | 24 (20.8–27.5) | 39.7 (36.2–43.2) | _ | 38.8 (35.1–42.5) |
48.9 (45.6–52.6) |
*Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 [6]
**Summary exposure value (SEV) is a measure of a population’s exposure to a risk factor that takes into account the extent of exposure by risk level and the severity of that risk’s contribution to disease burden where the value 0 indicates no excess risk for a population and 1 indicates that the population is exposed to the highest level of risk [47]