Table 2.
Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 deterioration.
| Risk factors | Cumulative incidence (HR, 95%CI, p)c |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 1701) | Model 2 (n = 1701) | Model 3 (n = 1701) | Model 4 (n = 1701) | Model 5 (n = 1701) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age groupsa | |||||
| 40–44 | 0.78, 0.51–1.20, 0.258 | 0.77, 0.50–1.17, 0.215 | 0.74, 0.48–1.13, 0.167 | 0.73, 0.48–1.13, 0.160 | 0.74, 0.48–1.14, 0.170 |
| 45–49 | 0.92, 0.63–1.35, 0.679 | 0.91, 0.62–1.33, 0.623 | 0.92, 0.63–1.34, 0.648 | 0.92, 0.63–1.35, 0.677 | 0.94, 0.64–1.37, 0.746 |
| 50–54 | 1.16, 0.83–1.61, 0.382 | 1.12, 0.80–1.57, 0.499 | 1.12, 0.80–1.56, 0.514 | 1.10, 0.79–1.54, 0.569 | 1.08, 0.77–1.51, 0.672 |
| 55–59 | 1.17, 0.85–1.60, 0.345 | 1.15, 0.84–1.59, 0.386 | 1.13, 0.82–1.56, 0.463 | 1.16, 0.84–1.61, 0.368 | 1.14, 0.82–1.59, 0.426 |
| ≥ 60 | 1.43, 1.06–1.93, 0.019 | 1.38, 1.02–1.87, 0.035 | 1.37, 1.01–1.85, 0.041 | 1.37, 1.01–1.86, 0.040 | 1.33, 0.98–1.81, 0.063 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.25, 1.02–1.53, 0.033 | 1.31, 1.06–1.60, 0.011 | 1.29, 1.05–1.59, 0.015 | 1.28, 1.04–1.58, 0.018 | 1.29, 1.04–1.58, 0.018 |
| Respiratory symptoms | |||||
| Coughb, d | — | 1.27, 1.03–1.56, 0.028 | 1.27, 1.03–1.57, 0.024 | 1.26, 1.02–1.57, 0.033 | 1.22, 0.98–1.51, 0.077 |
| Stuffy or runny nose | — | 0.89, 0.55–1.42, 0.616 | 0.97, 0.59–1.58, 0.899 | 1.02, 0.62–1.67, 0.952 | 1.01, 0.61–1.66, 0.978 |
| Sore throat | — | 1.20, 0.79–1.81, 0.396 | 1.23, 0.82–1.86, 0.315 | 1.28, 0.85–1.93, 0.239 | 1.33, 0.88–2.01, 0.180 |
| Dyspnea | — | 1.52, 1.20–1.93, 0.001 | 1.57, 1.24–2.00, < 0.001 | 1.58, 1.24–2.01, < 0.001 | 1.58, 1.24–2.01, < 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | |||||
| Nausea or vomiting | — | — | 0.57, 0.32–0.99, 0.046 | 0.55, 0.31–0.99, 0.046 | 0.53, 0.30–0.96, 0.036 |
| Abdominal pain or diarrhea | — | — | 1.11, 0.78–1.56, 0.571 | 1.13, 0.80–1.60, 0.497 | 1.09, 0.77–1.55, 0.631 |
| General symptoms | |||||
| Fatigue | — | — | — | 0.94, 0.73–1.21, 0.626 | 0.94, 0.73–1.21, 0.613 |
| Headache | — | — | — | 0.53, 0.29–0.98, 0.042 | 0.54, 0.29–0.99, 0.046 |
| Myalgia | — | — | — | 1.39, 0.96–2.03, 0.084 | 1.36, 0.93–1.98, 0.109 |
| Feverb | — | — | — | 1.07, 0.85–1.34, 0.573 | 1.14, 0.91–1.44, 0.255 |
| CT signs | |||||
| Ground-glass opacity | — | — | — | — | 1.39, 1.04–1.86, 0.024 |
| Infiltrating shadows | — | — | — | — | 1.84, 1.22–2.78, 0.004 |
| Consolidation | — | — | — | — | 1.17, 0.56–2.42, 0.678 |
| Pleural effusion | — | — | — | — | 1.20, 0.37–3.94, 0.761 |
| Pulmonary interstitial changes | — | — | — | — | 0.83, 0.37–1.83, 0.642 |
a
Age group younger than 40 is the reference group.
b
Evidence of violation of proportional hazards assumption in models 3 and 5 for cough, and in models 4 and 5 for fever. Estimates should be interpreted as the weighted average over the follow-up period.
c
The regressions excluded 52 patients who were transferred immediately after admission. In all regressions, the total number of patients transferred, discharged, and censored were 372, 1228, and 101, respectively.
d
Cough includes cough with and without sputum production.