Fig. 4.

Proposed treatment strategies for Covid-19 and cancer. Tocilizumab and Siltuximab are inhibitors of the IL-6R, which will inhibit downstream activation of JAK/STAT3. Napabucasin is an inhibitor of STAT3 and prevents the STAT3 dimer to translocate to the nucleus where it induces the transcription of the inflammasome components and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α. Dexamethasone inhibits TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, Parthenolide and Melatonin inhibits NFκβ, which prevents the transcription of the inflammasome components as well as IL-6 and TNF-α. CRIDs/MCC950 and melatonin inhibits the NLRP3 components of the inflammasome, while melatonin additionally inhibits the production of ROS which contributes to inflammsome activation. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of the caspase-1 component, which prevents the activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome. Canakinumab inhibits the NLRP3-inflammsome product, IL-1β, while Anakinra inhibits the IL-1β receptor (IL-1R).