Table 3.

Relative risks for outcomes in early antibiotic use (EAU) and non-early antibiotic use (NEAU) groups while including the variable propensity as a covariate in the mixed-effect model (n=1373).

	Crudea				Mixed-effect modelb
	HR	95% CI		P-value	HR	95% CI		P-value
Progression to severe disease	1.444	1.126	1.853	0.0038	1.449	1.128	1.861	0.0037
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Length of stay >15 days	1.621	1.217	2.159	0.0010	1.664	1.244	2.227	0.0006
All-cause mortality (30 days)	2.710	0.725	10.136	0.1384	2.733	0.732	10.206	0.1345

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aCrude estimations were adjusted for basic demographic characteristics (age and gender), symptoms (cough and fever), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, malignancy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and treatment (antiviral drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, immunomodulators and biologics).

^bSite (hospital) was modelled as a random effect in the multi-variate analyses.