Cell staining results. (A) ROS fluorescence of IPEC-J2 cells was detected by fluorescence microscope (10× magnification). And the ROS fluorescence intensity quantitative analysis by Image J (20× magnification). (B) Autophagy fluorescence of IPEC-J2 cells was detected by fluorescence microscope (4 × magnification). And the autophagy fluorescence intensity quantitative analysis by Image J. (C) The fluorescence of cytoplasm Ca2+ in IPEC-J2 cells was detected by the fluorescence microscope in WB, BF, and merged in 4 times mirror. Green fluorescence is cytoplasmic calcium. The Ca2+ fluorescence intensity quantitative analysis by Image J. The ∗ indicates significant differences (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.002, ∗∗∗P < 0.0002, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001) between the 2 groups, and the data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6). ROS = reactive oxygen species; IPEC-J2 = intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line; MDC = monodansylcadaverine; WB = blue excitation light; BF = bright field.