Table 2.
circRNAs exert therapeutic effects by affecting only one process involved in MI
| Effects | Name | Expression in MI | Regulatory pathway | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-apoptotic effects | circRNA MFACR | upregulated (A/R treatment) | circRNA MFACR/miR-652-3p/MTP18 | inhibition of circRNA MFACR alleviates mitochondrial fission and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves I/R injury-induced MI in vivo and in vitro | 94 |
| circ_0062389 | upregulated (H/R treatment) | circ_0062389/TGF-β1/Smad3 (upregulates both TGF-β1 and Smad3) | inhibition of circ_0062389 alleviates H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro | 33 | |
| circ-0068655 | upregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circ-0068655/miR-498/PAWR | inhibition of circ-0068655 alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and impaired cell migration in vitro | 100 | |
| circ_0010729 | upregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circ_0010729/miR-27a-3p/TRAF5 | inhibition of circ_0010729 alleviates hypoxia-induced myocardial apoptosis and injury in vitro |
101 | |
| circRNA ACAP2 | unregulated (hypoxia treatment) | sponge miR-29 and miR-532 | inhibition of circRNA ACAP2 alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and MI in vivo and in vitro | 104,105 | |
| circ_0124644 | unregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circ_0124644/miR-590-3p/SOX4 | inhibition of circ_0124644 alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro | 107 | |
| circROBO2 | unregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circROBO2/miR-1184/TRADD | inhibition of circROBO2 alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro | 108 | |
| circMACF1 | downregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circMACF1/miR-500b-5p/EMP1 | circMACF1 suppresses hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and injury and improves the progression of AMI in vivo and in vitro | 111 | |
| circArhgap12 | upregulated (DOX treatment) | circArhgap12/miR-135a-5p/ADCY1 | inhibition of circArhgap12 alleviates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress injury in vitro | 115 | |
| Anti-autophagic effects | circRNA ACR | downregulated (A/R treatment) | circRNA ACR/Pink1/FAM65B (binds to Dnmt3B, relieves DNA methylation of Pink1, and phosphorylates FAM65B) | circRNA ACR suppresses I/R-induced autophagy and mitophagy and reduces MI sizes in vivo and in vitro | 120 |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | circHelz | upregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circHelz/miR-133a-3p/NLRP3 | circHelz promotes hypoxia-induced cardiac inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro | 122 |
| Proliferative and proangiogenic effects | circCDYL | downregulated (hypoxia treatment) | circCDYL/miR-4793-5p/APP | circCDYL promotes the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and angiogenesis after MI in vitro | 123 |
| circFASTKD1 | highest (HCMECs) | circFASTKD1/miR-106a/LATS1/2/YAP (increases LATS1/2 and then suppresses YAP signaling pathway) | inhibition of circFASTKD1 promotes angiogenesis and ameliorates MI in vivo and in vitro | 127 | |
| Anti-fibrotic effects | circRNA_000203 | upregulated (CF with fibrotic phenotype) | circRNA_000203/miR-26b-5p/Col1a2/CTGF (increases both Col1a2 and CTGF) | inhibition of circRNA_000203 promotes cardiac fibrosis in vitro | 131 |
| circUbe3a | derived from M2M-SEVs | circUbe3a/miR-138-5p/RhoC | circUbe3a promotes CF proliferation, migration, myofibroblastic transformation, and cardiac fibrosis in vivo and in vitro | 133 | |
| circNFIB | downregulated (CFs with TGF-β treatment) | circNFIB/miR-433 (promotes AZIN1 and JNK1 but inhibits p38 and ERK enzyme and Smad3 signaling pathway) | circNFIB alleviates CF proliferation and cardiac fibrosis in vivo and in vitro | 134 | |
| circ_LAS1L | downregulated (AMI patients, CFs with TGF-β1 treatment) | circ_LAS1L/miR-125b/SFRP5 and then inhibits alpha-SMA and collagen I and III | circ_LAS1L suppresses activation, growth, and migration of CFs in vitro | 135 |