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. 2021 Sep 14;7(4):1009–1023. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.003

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Regulation of mTORC1 signaling pathway by growth factors, energy and oxygen levels. IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1; PIP2 = Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-triphosphate; PIP3 = Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate; Sin1 = Mip1; Rictor = rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR; mTOR = mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin; Deptor = DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein; mLST8 = mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; PI3K = phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PDK1 = 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; PKD1 = phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; Akt = protein kinase B; AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase; TSC = the tuberous sclerosis complex; REDD1 = transcriptional regulation of DNA damage response 1; PRAS40 = 40 kDa Pro-rich AKT substrate; Raptor = regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; Rheb: Ras homologue enriched in brain; PLD1 = phospholipase D1; ULK1 = Unc-51-like kinase 1; ATG13 = autophagy-related gene 13; FIP200 = focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200 kDa; TFEB = transcription factor EB; S6K1 = ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; 4EBP1 = eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1.